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Nutrient management impacts on net ecosystem carbon budget and energy flow nexus in intensively cultivated cropland ecosystems of north-western India

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Abstract

Nutrient management has led to unprecedented increase in crop production, but with significant carbon (C) trade-off that has close nexus with energy flow. We quantified the impacts of nutrient management on emission of greenhouse gases, net ecosystem C budget (NECB) and energy flow in three cropland ecosystems (rice–wheat, maize–wheat and cotton–wheat). Carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in rice than cotton, while maize ecosystem was in-between. The greenhouse gas intensity was significantly higher for rice–wheat (by 0.2 kg CO2e kg−1 grain) and maize–wheat (by 0.1 kg CO2e kg−1 grain), compared with cotton–wheat. The higher carbon emission ratio for maize–wheat (9.59) and rice–wheat (8.07) suggested their higher potential to fix C per unit loss, compared with cotton–wheat (7.03). Atmospheric CO2 assimilated into net primary production (NPP) totalled 14.1 ± 0.18, 11.5 ± 0.13 and 9.7 ± 0.13 Mg C ha−1 for rice–wheat, maize–wheat and cotton–wheat ecosystems, respectively. With an estimated net ecosystem exchange of 9.5 ± 0.29, 5.8 ± 0.19 and 2.7 ± 0.23 Mg C ha−1, respectively, for three ecosystems, rice–wheat (2427 kg C ha−1 year−1) had significantly higher NECB, compared with maize–wheat (27.1 kg C ha−1 year−1) and cotton–wheat (− 3834 kg C ha−1 year−1). Rice–wheat had significantly higher C addition in soil organic carbon (SOC) pool, compared with other two ecosystems. Conversely, cotton–wheat had depletion of SOC pool (− 817 kg C ha−1). Although the three ecosystems did not differ significantly for fertilizer-related energy input (EI), energy output (EO), energy ratio (ER) and net energy gain were significantly higher for cotton–wheat, compared with other ecosystems.

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Abbreviations

CEE:

Carbon equivalent emission

CER:

Carbon emission ratio

CH4 :

Methane

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

E I :

Energy input

E O :

Energy output

E P :

Energy productivity

E R :

Energy ratio

GHGI:

Greenhouse gas intensity

GHGs:

Greenhouse gases

GPP:

Gross primary production

GRAFC:

Gross returns above the fertilizer cost

GWP:

Global warming potential

K2O:

Potassium

MSP:

Minimum support price

N:

Nitrogen

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NECB:

Net ecosystem carbon budget

NEE:

Net ecosystem exchange

NEG:

Net energy gain

NEP:

Net ecosystem productivity

NPP:

Net primary production

P2O5 :

Phosphorus

R A :

Autotrophic respiration

R E :

Ecosystem respiration

REY:

Rice equivalent yield

R H :

Soil heterotrophic respiration

E S :

Specific energy

SOC:

Soil organic carbon

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India, for supporting this research through ICAR National Professor Project.

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  1. Department of Soil Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141 001, India

    Pritpal Singh & Dinesh Kumar Benbi

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Singh, P., Benbi, D.K. Nutrient management impacts on net ecosystem carbon budget and energy flow nexus in intensively cultivated cropland ecosystems of north-western India. Paddy Water Environ 18, 697–715 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-020-00812-9

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