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Plant diversity and composition of rice field bunds in Southeast Asia

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Abstract

Which plant species can be found on rice field bunds and what are the prevailing life forms? Which plant communities occur and what are the main environmental drivers and phytogeographic patterns shaping these communities? How do species diversity and composition differ between bunds and paddies? To answer these questions, 133 vegetation relevés using the Braun-Blanquet method were collected in lowlands and uplands of Vietnam and the Philippines between 2012 and 2015. Soil samples were collected and farmers were interviewed. Properties of soil, climate, and geography were assessed, further structural parameters, landscape heterogeneity, seasonality, management and intensity of cultivation. Hierarchical UPGMA cluster analysis and NMDS ordinations were performed to visualize variation in plant community composition and the determinants. We found 302 vascular plant species, of which 94 species are red listed by the IUCN (under category “Least concern”). Therophytes and helophytes are the prevailing life forms. Six clusters of plant communities were classified, and temperature, soil acidity, land use intensity and nutrient availability were identified (according to relevance) as explanatory variables. Bunds revealed higher species richness than paddies and bunds in mountain areas were more species-rich than those in the lowlands. We conclude that the composition of bund communities provides valuable information on environmental and biogeographical conditions of the local rice landscapes, and that it is probably the best applicable and most reliable indicator of management intensity.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Fanny Langerwisch, Aline Nowak, Sylvia (Bong) Villareal, Jesus V. Bustamante, Leonardo Marquez, Manh Hung Nguyen, Ingrid Ostermeyer, Sabine Großmann, Alexander Harpke, Volker Grescho, Catrin Westphal and Josef Settele for their support. The work has been funded in the frame of the LEGATO project (http://www.legato-project.net/), which is part of the BMBF (German Federal Ministry of Education and Research) Framework Programme Research for Sustainable Development (FONA, FKZ: 01LL0917A).

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  1. Department of Vegetation Analysis and Phytodiversity Research, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Göttingen, Germany

    Oliver Fried & Erwin Bergmeier

  2. Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120, Halle, Germany

    Ingolf Kühn

  3. Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle, Germany

    Ingolf Kühn

  4. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany

    Ingolf Kühn

  5. Department of Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Julian Schrader

  6. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Van Sinh Nguyen

  7. Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Van Sinh Nguyen

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Fried, O., Kühn, I., Schrader, J. et al. Plant diversity and composition of rice field bunds in Southeast Asia. Paddy Water Environ 16, 359–378 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-018-0657-8

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