Abstract
Leaf mold disease caused by Cladosporium fulvum appeared on tomato cultivars carrying the Cf-9 resistance gene in Nara Prefecture, Japan, in 2018. We inoculated a differential set of tomato cultivar with six isolates of the fungus and identified two isolates as race 2.9 and four as 2.4.9. We also sequenced their Avr and mating-type genes. All Avr alleles have been found previously in Japanese populations of C. fulvum, but the genotypes of both races were new, suggesting that these isolates have newly emerged in Nara Prefecture.
References
den Dunnen JT, Antonarakis SE (2000) Mutation nomenclature extensions and suggestions to describe complex mutations: a discussion. Hum Mutat 15:7–12
Dixon MS, Jones DA, Keddie JS, Thomas CM, Harrison K, Jones JDG (1996) The tomato Cf-2 disease resistance locus comprises two functional genes encoding leucine-rich repeat proteins. Cell 84:451–459
Dixon MS, Hatzixanthis K, Jones DA, Harrison K, Jones JDG (1998) The tomato Cf-5 disease resistance gene and six homologs show pronounced allelic variation in leucine-rich repeat copy number. Plant Cell 10:1915–1925
Enya J, Ikeda K, Takeuchi T, Horikoshi N, Higashi T, Sakai T, Iida Y, Nishi K, Kubota M (2009) The first occurrence of leaf mold of tomato caused by races 4.9 and 4.9.11 of Passalora fulva (syn. Fulvia fulva) in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 75:76–79
Iida Y, Iwadate Y, Kubota M, Terami F (2010) Occurrence of a new race 2.9 of leaf mold of tomato in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 76:84–86
Iida Y, van Hof P, Beenen H, Mesarich C, Kubota M, Stergiopoulos I, Mehrabi R, Notsu A, Fujiwara K, Bahkali A, Abd-Elsalam K, Collemare J, de Wit PJGM (2015) Novel mutations detected in avirulence genes overcoming tomato Cfresistance genes in isolates of a Japanese population of Cladosporium fulvum. PLoS ONE 10:e0123271
Jones DA, Thomas CM, Hammond-Kosack KE, Balint-Kurti PJ, Jones JDG (1994) Isolation of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum by transposon tagging. Science 266:789–793
Kishi K, Abiko K (1976) Studies on the physiological specialization of Cladosporium fulvum Cooke. II. Racial identification of isolates collected from 11 prefectures in Japan from 1971 to 1973 (in Japanese with English abstract). Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 42:497–499
Kubota M, Iida Y (2019) Tomato fixed lines for identifying races of the leaf mold pathogen (in Japanese). Annu Rep Kansai Plant Prot 61:55–60
Kubota M, Morishita M, Iida Y (2015) First occurrence of tomato leaf mold caused by the novel races 2.5.9 and 4.5.9 of Passalora fulva in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 81:320–323
Li S, Zhao T, Li H, Xu X, Li J (2015) First report of races 2.5 and 2.4.5 of Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva), causal fungus of tomato leaf mold disease in China. J Gen Plant Pathol 81:162–165
Stergiopoulos I, de Wit PJGM (2009) Fungal effector proteins. Annu Rev Phytopathol 47:233–263
Stergiopoulos I, de Kock MJD, Lindhout P, de Wit PJGM (2007) Allelic variation in the effector genes of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum reveals different modes of adaptive evolution. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20:1271–1283
Takken FLW, Thomas CM, Joosten MHAJ, Golstein C, Westerink N, Hille J, Nijkamp HJJ, de Wit PJGM, Jones JDG (1999) A second gene at the tomato Cf-4 locus confers resistance to Cladosporium fulvum through recognition of a novel avirulence determinant. Plant J 20:279–288
Thomas CM, Jones DA, Parniske M, Harrison K, Balint-Kurti PJ, Hatzixanthis K, Jones JD (1997) Characterization of the tomato Cf-4 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum identifies sequences that determine recognitional specificity in Cf-4 and Cf-9. Plant Cell 9:2209–2224
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Yumiko Higashi and Hisakazu Mogi for their technical assistance. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from JSPS (17H05022) (Y. Iida).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yoshida, K., Asano, S., Sushida, H. et al. Occurrence of tomato leaf mold caused by novel race 2.4.9 of Cladosporium fulvum in Japan. J Gen Plant Pathol 87, 35–38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00963-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327-020-00963-x