Abstract
Air pollution is a major issue for human health with more than 7 million premature deaths per year due to indoor and outdoor air pollution. Exposure to particulate matter is correlated with adverse health effects in the short and long run. Evaluating the health risk from exposure to particulate matter is challenging because particulate matter contains many contaminants and observed diseases result from multiple causes. Here we review advanced methods for the evaluation of cancer and non-cancer risks induced by exposure to contaminants in particulate matter. Contaminants include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, dioxins, furans, dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls, and major and trace elements. We discuss risk assessment by ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact, and for population age categories. We observe that the highest contributions to cancer risk come from benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, and cobalt.
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Abbreviations
- ABS:
-
Dermal adsorption factor
- ADD:
-
Average daily dose
- ADI:
-
Acceptable daily intake
- AF:
-
Dermal adherence factor
- AT:
-
Average timing
- BW:
-
Body weight
- Ci :
-
Concentration of species i in air
- CR:
-
Cancer risk
- CSF:
-
Cancer slope factor
- DL-PCBs:
-
Dioxin-like polychlorobiphenyls
- EC:
-
Exposure concentration in air
- ED:
-
Exposure duration
- EF:
-
Exposure frequency
- ET:
-
Exposure time
- GIABS:
-
Gastrointestinal absorption factor
- HI:
-
Hazard index
- HQ:
-
Hazard quotient
- ILCR:
-
Incremental lifetime cancer risk
- IRing :
-
Soil intake rate
- IRinh :
-
Inhalation intake rate
- IUR:
-
Inhalation unit risk
- LADD:
-
Lifetime average daily dose
- LCR:
-
Lifetime cancer risk
- MRL:
-
Minimal risk level
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PCDD:
-
Dioxins
- PCDF:
-
Furans
- RBA:
-
Relative bioaccessibility
- RfC:
-
Reference concentration
- RfD:
-
Reference dose
- SA:
-
Exposed skin surface area
- SBET:
-
Simple bioavailability extraction test
- TEF:
-
Toxic equivalent factor
- TEQ:
-
Toxic equivalent concentration
- USEPA:
-
United States environmental protection agency
- WHO:
-
World health organization
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Fadel, M., Courcot, D., Afif, C. et al. Methods for the assessment of health risk induced by contaminants in atmospheric particulate matter: a review. Environ Chem Lett 20, 3289–3311 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01461-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01461-6