Abstract
Pollution is a major issue impacting the health of life and ecosystems. In particular, some pollutants may alter gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, histone modifications, and microRNA (miRNA) expression. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes without alteration in the DNA sequence. In the healthy state, the coordinated actions of interconnected epigenetic factors are responsible for proper cell development and cell regulation. Epigenetic mechanisms are tissue-specific; hence, a pollutant may or may not cause an alteration depending on the type of tissue. Here we review mechanisms by which pollutants disrupt epigenetic factors. We focus on the impact of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, mercury, benzene, bisphenol A, dioxin, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine and diethylstilbestrol. A list of diseases related to epigenetic factors and heavy metals exposure is provided.
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Abbreviations
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- CpG sites:
-
Cytosine-guanine dinucleotide
- H1, H3, H4, H5, H3K4, H3K9, H2A, and H2B:
-
Different types of histones
- Acetyl-CoA:
-
Acetyl coenzyme A
- HDAC:
-
Histone deacetylases
- HATS:
-
Histone acetyltransferase
- RNAi:
-
RNA interference
- mRNA:
-
Messenger ribonucleic acid
- pri-mRNA:
-
Primary messenger ribonucleic acid
- RISC:
-
RNA-induced silencing complex
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- DNMTs:
-
DNA methyltransferase
- SAM:
-
S-adenyl methionine
- AS3MT:
-
Arsenite methyltransferase
- DAPK:
-
Death-associated protein kinase
- TRL1215:
-
Transformation of cultured rat liver cells
- DAPK:
-
Death-associated protein kinase
- CdTE:
-
Cadmium telluride
- LAMP3:
-
Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 3
- AhR:
-
Aryl hydrogen receptor
- Igf2:
-
Insulin-like growth factor
- RDX:
-
Research department explosive
- K562:
-
Myelogenous leukemia cells
- JEG-3:
-
Human choriocarcinoma cells
- P15 and p16:
-
Tumor suppressive proteins
- RASSF1A:
-
Ras association domain family 1 isoform A
- γ-H2AX:
-
Biomarker for DNA double-strand breaks
- G12:
-
Chinese hamster glioblastoma cells
- GPT:
-
Guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
- 16HBE:
-
Human bronchial epithelial cells
- C57BL/6:
-
Laboratory black mice inbred strain
- FHIT:
-
Fragile triad diadenosine triphosphatase
- RND 2:
-
Rho family GTPase 2
- Alu-DNA:
-
Arthrobacter luteus DNA
- CD-1:
-
Albino mice outbred strain
- CYP1:
-
Cytochrome polypeptide monooxygenase
- B6C3F1:
-
Type of hybrid mice derived from C57BL/6 mice
- EZH2:
-
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2
- MCF-7:
-
Michigan Cancer Foundation 7
- wild-type SV:
-
Genetically contaminated mice
- αERKO:
-
Estrogen receptor alpha knockout
- Ltf:
-
Lactotransferrin
- TNX:
-
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroso-1,3,5-triazine
- DNX:
-
Hexahydro-1,3-dinitroso-5-nitro-1,3,5-triazine
- MNX:
-
Hexahydro-1-nitroso-3,5-dinitro-1,3,5-triazine
- miRNA:
-
Micro-ribonucleic acid (miR-9-3 , miR-191, miR-222 and miR-19a are subtypes of miRNA)
- WI38, TK6, A549, NIH/3T3, 3A, MCF-7:
-
Different types of cell lines used in in vitro studies
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Sharavanan, V.J., Sivaramakrishnan, M., Sivarajasekar, N. et al. Pollutants inducing epigenetic changes and diseases. Environ Chem Lett 18, 325–343 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00944-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00944-3