Abstract
Contamination of water bodies with dyes has become a serious global concern affecting the whole biosphere. Microwave irradiation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) have recently gained importance as efficient remediation methods. Indeed, microwave offers special features such as fast, uniform, selective and controlled heating that result in a rapid reaction rate, whereas advanced oxidation processes are able to mineralize any organic pollutant. Here we review microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation processes for the removal or degradation of synthetic dyes, and we compare with conventional treatment methods. We found that microwave-enhanced AOP improve the efficiency of dye degradation. However, cost analyses reveal an economic limitation of microwave-enhanced processes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Indian Institute of Technology Delhi for providing some required soft information for this study. The authors would also like to express their regard and appreciation to the research community whose scientific data and research findings as published in their referred studies have been used to add a great value and substance to this review article. Finally, the authors are very grateful to the anonymous reviewers and Prof. Eric Lichtfouse, Chief Editor of Environmental Chemistry Letters for their constructive comments/suggestions that have benefitted us substantially to improvise the quality of this review article.
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Appendix
Appendix
C.I. or Color Index: Color index is a most definitive and reliable way to identify dyes. It is basically a summation of dyes. Since the chemical and common names of dyes are very diverse, complicated and confusing, the importance of using a unique and informative name has become quite essential. This requirement has prompted the need of Color Index. As per the Color Index, the dyes can be uniquely listed in accordance with the system of Color Index Generic Names and Color Index Constitution Numbers. In Color Index Generic Names, each dye has been given a unique generic name that gives information about application type, hue and identifying number, whereas in Color Index Constitution Numbers, each dye with known structure has been given a unique 5-digit number to avoid any confusion with other related dyes.
For example: Tartrazine is a commercial and common name of a dye. Its Color Index Generic Name is C.I. Acid Yellow 23; where ‘Acid’ defines its application type, ‘Yellow’ defines its hue, and ‘23’ is its identifying number. In addition, its Color Index Constitution Number is C.I. 19140.
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Verma, P., Samanta, S.K. Microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of dyes in water. Environ Chem Lett 16, 969–1007 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0739-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0739-2