Abstract
Rotenone is an active ingredient that has been widely used as pesticide. However, rotenone is poorly soluble in water. Therefore, a water-soluble carrier is needed. Here, we synthesised, characterised and applied oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan for the first time as a carrier agent for rotenone. Oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan is soluble in acidic, neutral and basic media. The critical micelle concentration of oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan is 0.096 mg/mL. Oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan formed self-aggregates and exhibited spherical shape with the values of 35.5–66.4 nm. We studied the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan micelles with different weight ratios of oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan to rotenone. We found an encapsulation efficiency of 97 % and a loading capacity of 0.97 % for oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan/rotenone 100:1 w/w. Oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan released 96.00 % of the rotenone loaded within 50 h. Overall, our findings show the feasibility of oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan as a novel water-solubilising agent for pesticide formulations.
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This work was supported by Ministry of Education Malaysia (FRGS 2014-0105-101-02) and Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO).
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Kamari, A., Aljafree, N.F.A. & Yusoff, S.N.M. Oleoyl-carboxymethyl chitosan as a new carrier agent for the rotenone pesticide. Environ Chem Lett 14, 417–422 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0550-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0550-x