Zusammenfassung
Störungen des Immunsystems können auf unterschiedliche Weise zu Aborten führen. Das Antiphospholipidsyndrom (APS) ist eine erworbene Autoimmunerkrankung die sowohl primär als auch sekundär—als Folge anderer Erkrankungen—auftreten kann. Kennzeichnend sind der Nachweis von Lupusantikoagulanz und/oder von Antiphospholipidantikörpern im Blut. Vom APS spricht man allerdings nur dann, wenn es zusätzlich zu Thrombosen und/oder Störungen der Schwangerschaft (Aborte, IUFT, Präeklampsie, Eklampsie, schwere Plazentainsuffizienz) gekommen ist. Eine wirksame Therapie bei APS ist die niedrig dosierte ASS- und Heparingabe vom Beginn der Schwangerschaft an. Eine weitere mögliche immunologische Ursache von Aborten wird in der Abstoßung der Schwangerschaft als „Semiallotransplantat“ gesehen. Die schützenden Immunreaktionen sind bisher nur unzureichend bekannt, es besteht auch Unklarheit darüber, ob derartige Schutzmechanismen überhaupt notwendig sind. Die Wirksamkeit aktiver und passiver Immuntherapien zur Abortprophylaxe konnte bisher nicht zweifelsfrei belegt werden.
Abstract
Disturbances of the immune system can lead to abortions in different ways. The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disease that can occur in a primary or secondary form (that is, as the result of other diseases). The detection of lupus anticoagulant and/or of antiphospholipid antibodies in the patient’s blood can be seen as initial evidence for the disease. However, further diagnostic criteria include the occurrence of thromboses and/or adverse pregnancy outcomes (abortion, stillbirth, severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, or severe placental insufficiency). An effective therapy in case of APS is low-dose ASS and heparin therapy, starting at the beginning of pregnancy. As the pregnancy is an “allograft”, its immunological rejection could be another possible cause for abortion. The immune reactions that provide protection from this pathological process have not yet been adequately established. Uncertainty also exists about whether such protective mechanisms are in fact necessary. The effectiveness of active or passive immunotherapy for the prophylaxis of abortions has so far not been substantiated.
Literatur
Chaouat G, Ledee-Bataille N, Zourbas S et al. (2003) Cytokines, implantation and early abortion: re-examining the Th1/Th2 paradigm leads to question the single pathway, single therapy concept. Am J Reprod Immunol 50:177–186
Cowchock FS, Reece EA, Balaban D et al. (1992) Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166:1318–1323
Greaves M, Cohen H, MacHin SJ, Mackie I (2000) Guidelines on the investigation and management of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Br J Haematol 109:704–715
Harris EN (1987) Syndrome of the black swan. Br J Rheumatol 26:324–326
Hinney B, Neumeyer H (1999) Immuntherapie habitueller Aborte. Reproduktionsmedizin 15:200–211
Lassere M, Empson M (2004) Treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy--a systematic review of randomized therapeutic trials. Thromb Res 114:419–426
Miyakis S, Giannakopoulos B, Krilis SA (2004) Beta 2 glycoprotein I—function in health and disease. Thromb Res 114:335–346
Mowbray JF, Gibbings C, Liddell H et al. (1985) Controlled trial of treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion by immunisation with paternal cells. Lancet 1:941–943
Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group (1994) Worldwide collaborative observational study and meta-analysis on allogenic leukocyte immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion. Recurrent Miscarriage Immunotherapy Trialists Group. Am J Reprod Immunol 32:55–72
Scott JR (2003) The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000112. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000112
The German RSA/IVIG Group (1994) Intravenous immunoglobulin in the prevention of recurrent miscarriage. The German RSA/IVIG Group. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101:1072–1077
The Practice Committee of the American Society for reproductive Medicine (2004) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and recurrent spontaneous pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 82 [Suppl 1]:S199–S200
Triolo G, Ferrante A, Ciccia F et al. (2003) Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 48:728–731
van der Meer A, Lukassen HG, van Lierop MJ et al. (2004) Membrane-bound HLA-G activates proliferation and interferon-gamma production by uterine natural killer cells. Mol Hum Reprod 10:189–195
Wegmann TG, Lin H, Guilbert L, Mosmann TR (1993) Bidirectional cytokine interactions in the maternal-fetal relationship: is successful pregnancy a TH2 phenomenon? Immunol Today 14:353–356
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T et al. (1999) International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 42:1309–1311
Interessenkonflikt:
Der korrespondierende Autor versichert, dass keine Verbindungen mit einer Firma, deren Produkt in dem Artikel genannt ist, oder einer Firma, die ein Konkurrenzprodukt vertreibt, bestehen.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hinney, B. Immunologische Ursachen habitueller Aborte. Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 3, 25–31 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10304-004-0096-z
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10304-004-0096-z
Schlüsselwörter
- Antiphospholipidsyndrom
- ASS/Heparintherapie
- Schwangerschaft als Semiallotransplantat
- Aktive und passive Immuntherapie
- Th1/Th2-Verhältnis