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Immunologische Ursachen habitueller Aborte

Antiphospholipidsyndrom und Schwangerschaft als Allotransplantat

Immunological causes of miscarriages

Antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy as an allotransplant

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Gynäkologische Endokrinologie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Störungen des Immunsystems können auf unterschiedliche Weise zu Aborten führen. Das Antiphospholipidsyndrom (APS) ist eine erworbene Autoimmunerkrankung die sowohl primär als auch sekundär—als Folge anderer Erkrankungen—auftreten kann. Kennzeichnend sind der Nachweis von Lupusantikoagulanz und/oder von Antiphospholipidantikörpern im Blut. Vom APS spricht man allerdings nur dann, wenn es zusätzlich zu Thrombosen und/oder Störungen der Schwangerschaft (Aborte, IUFT, Präeklampsie, Eklampsie, schwere Plazentainsuffizienz) gekommen ist. Eine wirksame Therapie bei APS ist die niedrig dosierte ASS- und Heparingabe vom Beginn der Schwangerschaft an. Eine weitere mögliche immunologische Ursache von Aborten wird in der Abstoßung der Schwangerschaft als „Semiallotransplantat“ gesehen. Die schützenden Immunreaktionen sind bisher nur unzureichend bekannt, es besteht auch Unklarheit darüber, ob derartige Schutzmechanismen überhaupt notwendig sind. Die Wirksamkeit aktiver und passiver Immuntherapien zur Abortprophylaxe konnte bisher nicht zweifelsfrei belegt werden.

Abstract

Disturbances of the immune system can lead to abortions in different ways. The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an acquired autoimmune disease that can occur in a primary or secondary form (that is, as the result of other diseases). The detection of lupus anticoagulant and/or of antiphospholipid antibodies in the patient’s blood can be seen as initial evidence for the disease. However, further diagnostic criteria include the occurrence of thromboses and/or adverse pregnancy outcomes (abortion, stillbirth, severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia, or severe placental insufficiency). An effective therapy in case of APS is low-dose ASS and heparin therapy, starting at the beginning of pregnancy. As the pregnancy is an “allograft”, its immunological rejection could be another possible cause for abortion. The immune reactions that provide protection from this pathological process have not yet been adequately established. Uncertainty also exists about whether such protective mechanisms are in fact necessary. The effectiveness of active or passive immunotherapy for the prophylaxis of abortions has so far not been substantiated.

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Hinney, B. Immunologische Ursachen habitueller Aborte. Gynäkologische Endokrinologie 3, 25–31 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10304-004-0096-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10304-004-0096-z

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