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Prébiotiques, flore intestinale, inflammation, obésité

Prebiotics, intestinal flora, inflammation, obesity

  • Article de Synthèse
  • Nutrithérapie
  • Published:
Phytothérapie

Résumé

L’obésité est une préoccupation croissante dans le monde. On en connaît les principaux déterminants, accroissement de l’offre alimentaire et sédentarité, en interaction avec des facteurs génétiques. Mais des voies de recherche nouvelles faisant intervenir le rôle du microbiote intestinal permettent d’ouvrir de nouveaux horizons. Des études chez l’animal ont montré que le transfert de la microflore de souris obèses à des souris axéniques (sans flore) minces rendait ces dernières obèses. Cet article permet de faire le point sur les données expérimentales, chez l’animal, et les études chez l’homme permettant d’étayer le rôle de la composition du microbiote intestinal. Les mécanismes invoqués sont multiples: une rétention d’énergie au niveau intestinal à partir de la fermentation colique des fibres indigestibles est le premier mécanisme invoqué. Cette fermentation module aussi la production de GLP1, une entérohormone anorexigène, insulinotrope et ralentissant la vidange gastrique. Surtout le rôle du transfert du lipopolysaccharide (LPS) microbien à travers la paroi intestinale rendue perméable (par altération des jonctions serrées) et incorporé dans les chylomicrons lors d’un repas gras apparaît important. Ce LPS, d’une part, accroît le tonus endocannabinoïde impliqué dans la lipogenèse et, d’autre part, se lie aux récepteurs toll-like 4 (TLR4) et CD14 pour induire une production de cytokines inflammatoires contribuant à l’inflammation de bas grade de l’obésité et à l’insulinorésistance. Non seulement des « manipulations » diététiques au niveau des pré- et probiotiques semblent des voies intéressantes dans la prise en charge de l’obésité mais des voies de prévention s’ouvrent puisque l’on sait que l’accouchement par voie basse d’une part et l’allaitement maternel d’autre part, deux « modes de vie» à la baisse, modulent très précocement et a priori dans un sens favorable la composition de la microflore.

Abstract

Obesity is an heavy burden in the world; the causes of its occurrence are multiple: food availability, sedentarity are the main factors but perhaps cannot explain the growing epidemy. Obesity is an adipose-tissue disease characterized by a triglycerides storage in adipocytes and a peripheral low-grade inflammation coming from the periadipocytes stroma. Microflora could play an important role in the genesis of weight gain. It has been shown that the transfer of the microflora from obese mices to axenic lean mices induces obesity in lean mices, whereas suppression of the microflora prevents obesity. Microflora could act through many mechanisms: first through an energy retention on intestine level. An other mechanism is due to the colonic fermentation with a modulation of the short chain fatty acids production; it may also alter the production of GLP1, an anorexic and insulinotropic entero-hormone, by intestinal L cells. Mainly it is now known that in post-prandial state, after a high-fat meal, the post-prandial lipemia is associated to a low-grade inflammation, parallel to the passage of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the circulation. LPS is accompanied with an increase of gut permeability and of endocannabinoid tone implied in lipogenesis, particularly abdominal adiposity. Further researches are needed in order to have a better understanding of the role of diet and microflora on obesity incidence and its complications. Clinical interventions studies will be also determinant.

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  1. Service de nutrition, Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000, Lille, France

    J. -M. Lecerf

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Lecerf, J.M. Prébiotiques, flore intestinale, inflammation, obésité. Phytothérapie 9, 106–112 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-011-0619-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10298-011-0619-4

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