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Differential gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus exposed to Orange II and Sudan III azo dyes

  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Published:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology

Abstract

We previously demonstrated the effects of azo dyes and their reduction metabolites on bacterial cell growth and cell viability. In this report, the effects of Orange II and Sudan III on gene expression profiling in Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA 1556 were analyzed using microarray and quantitative RT-PCR technology. Upon exposure to 6 μg/ml Orange II for 18 h, 21 genes were found to be differently expressed. Among them, 8 and 13 genes were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Most proteins encoded by these differentially expressed genes involve stress response caused by drug metabolism, oxidation, and alkaline shock indicating that S. aureus could adapt to Orange II exposure through a balance between up and down regulated gene expression. Whereas, after exposure to 6 μg/ml Sudan III for 18 h, 57 genes were differentially expressed. In which, 51 genes were up-regulated and 6 were down-regulated. Most proteins encoded by these differentially expressed genes involve in cell wall/membrane biogenesis and biosynthesis, nutrient uptake, transport and metabolite, and stress response, suggesting that Sudan III damages the bacterial cell wall or/and membrane due to binding of the dye. Further analysis indicated that all differentially expressed genes encoded membrane proteins were up-regulated and most of them serve as transporters. The result suggested that these genes might contribute to survival, persistence and growth in the presence of Sudan III. Only one gene msrA, which plays an important role in oxidative stress resistance, was found to be down-regulated after exposure to both Orange II and Sudan III. The present results suggested that both these two azo dyes can cause stress in S. aureus and the response of the bacterium to the stress is mainly related to characteristics of the azo dyes.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. Steven L. Foley and Kidon Sung for their critical review of this manuscript. This study was funded by National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, and supported in part by appointments (HP and JF) to the Postgraduate Research Fellowship Program by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and the US Food and Drug Administration. The views presented in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the Food and Drug Administration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR, 72079-9502, USA

    Hongmiao Pan, Oh-Gew Kweon, Jinhui Feng, Carl E. Cerniglia & Huizhong Chen

  2. Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA

    Joshua Xu & Wen Zou

  3. Department of Clinical Laboratory and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA

    Gui-Xin He

  4. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China

    Hongmiao Pan

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Pan, H., Xu, J., Kweon, OG. et al. Differential gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus exposed to Orange II and Sudan III azo dyes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 42, 745–757 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1599-4

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