Abstract
A UV-induced albino strain of Monascus purpureus was subjected to electroporation in the presence of genomic DNA from a wild-type red strain of the fungus. Eight colonies expressed color after several weeks of growth. The growth rates of all eight color variants were significantly greater than the recipient and donor strains under some culture conditions. Spectrophotometric analysis of the pigments extracted from the color variants revealed the pigments had absorbance spectra different from the DNA donor strain. These color variants may have resulted from transformation with wild-type DNA, mutation reversion, or activation of alternative pathway(s)—i.e., new mutations—that resulted in pigment production.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Berset C, Clermont HS, Cheval S (1995) Natural red colorant effectiveness as influenced by absorptive supports. J Food Sci 60:858–861
Bowyer P, Osbourn AE, Daniels MJ (1994) An "instant gene bank" method for heterologous gene cloning: complementation of two Aspergillus nidulans mutants with Gaeumannomyces graminis DNA. Mol Gen Genet 242:448–454
Butler PD, Moxon ER (1990) A physical map of the genome of Haemophilus influenzae type b. J Gen Microbiol 136:2333–2342
Chaveroche MK, Ghigo JM, d'Enfert C (2000) A rapid method for efficient gene replacement in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Nucleic Acids Res 28:E97
Chu SW, Poon YK (1993) Submerged production of Monascus pigments. Mycologia 85:214–218
Cline SW, Schalkwyk LC, Doolittle WF (1989) Transformation of the archaebacterium Halobacterium volcanii with genomic DNA. J Bacteriol 171:4987–4991
Fink-Gremmels J, Leistner L (1989) Biological effects of Monascus purpureus. Fleischwirtschaft 69:115–122
Fink-Gremmels J, Dresel J, Leistner L (1991) Use of Monascus extracts as an alternative to nitrite in meat products. Fleischwirtschaft 71:1184–1186
Gems D, Aleksenko A, Belenky L, Robertson S, Ramsden M, Vinetski Y, Clutterbuck AJ (1994) An 'instant gene bank' method for gene cloning by mutant complementation. Mol Gen Genet 242:467–471
Hawksworth DL, Pitt JI (1983) A new taxonomy for Monascus species based on cultural and microscopical characters. Aust J Bot 31:51–61
Ho BW, Guo JJ, Fang YC (1973) Studies on the screening of glucoamylase producing strains of Monascus and their fermentation conditions. Acta Microbiol Sinica 13:142–150
Iizuka H, Lin CR (1981) On the genus Monascus of Asia and its specific characteristics. Adv Biochem 2:555–561
Kelly R, Register E, Sosa M (1994) Heterologous transformation of Zalerion arboricola. Curr Genet 26:217–224
Lorito M, Hayes CK, Di Pietro A, Harman GE (1993) Biolistic transformation of Trichoderma harzianum and Gliocladium virens using plasmid and genomic DNA. Curr Genet 24:349–356
Ma J, Li Y, Ye Q, Li J, Hua Y, Ju D, Zhang D, Cooper R, Chang M (2000) Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine. J Agric Food Chem 48:5220–5225
Teng SS, Feldheim W (2000) The fermentation of rice for anka pigment production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 25:141–146
Teng SS, Feldheim W (2001) Anka and anka pigment production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 26:280–282
Williams JG, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA, Tingey SV (1990) DNA polymorphisms amplified by arbitrary primers are useful as genetic markers. Nucleic Acids Res 18:6531–6535
Wong HC, Bau YS (1977) Pigmentation and anti-bacterial activity of fast-neutron and X-ray-induced strains of Monascus purpureus Went. Plant Physiol 60:578–581
Wong HC, Lin C, Koehler PE (1981) Regulation of growth and pigmentation of Monascus purpureus by carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Mycologia 73:649–654
Wong HC, Koehler PE (1981) Production and isolation of an antibiotic from Monascus purpureus and its relationship to pigment production, control of microbial contamination, and food colorant. J Food Sci 46:589–592
Wong HC, Koehler PE (1983) Production of red water-soluble Monascus pigments. J Food Sci 48:1200–1203
Yongsmith B, Krairak S, Bavavoda R (1994) Production of yellow pigment in submerged culture of a mutant of Monascus spp. J Ferment Bioeng 78:223–228
Yongsmith B, Kitprechavanich V, Chitradon L, Chaisrisook C, Budda N (2000) Color mutants from Monascus sp. KB9 and their comparative glucoamylases on rice solid culture. J Mol Catal B 10:263–272
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Busaba Yongsmith for providing strain KB20M1 and for technical advice, The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program of the Thailand Research Fund, and Kasetsart University Graduate School for partial financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lakrod, K., Chaisrisook, C. & Skinner, D.Z. Expression of pigmentation genes following electroporation of albino Monascus purpureus . J IND MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOL 30, 369–374 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0058-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-003-0058-9