Abstract
Co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) can help understand the coupled dynamics of earthquake-atmospheric coupling geophysical processes. On September 19, 2022, an earthquake occurred at UTC = 18:05:08 near the Pacific Coast of Mexico as the result of shallow thrust faulting with magnitude of 7.6 and depth of around 26.9 km. The epicenter of the earthquake is located at (18.455°N, 102.956°W). In this study, observation data from the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) are used to identify CIDs about 12 min after the earthquake occurred. The significant CIDs signals are observed with extending outward from the epicenter. The CID characteristics like amplitude, frequency, and waveform are also investigated and discussed. The waveform is a standard and inverse N-type, suggesting a connection to plate movement and geomagnetic field. In addition, the center frequency is within the range of acoustic wave frequency from 2 to 4 mHz. The propagation speed is approximately 0.81 km/s for PRN G18, 1.01 km/s for G23, and 1.16 km/s in the east and 1.44 km/s in the west for G32 between 18:00 and 19:00. For R21, the propagation speed is close to 1.06 km/s. It demonstrates that the main source of the CIDs is the acoustic wave. Also, it is discovered that the CID propagation velocity varies significantly depending on the azimuth. At the direction closed to the strike angle (287°), the maximum propagation speed is found. The rupture mainly occurred in the western region, and the rupture velocity is larger in the western region, which might cause the quicker CID in this direction.
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Data availability
The space weather index can be obtained at https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The GNSS observation data from UNAVCO are available at https://www.unavco.org/data/. And precise orbit products are from CDDIS (https://cddis.nasa.gov/). The focal mechanism is obtained from U.S. Geological survey (https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000i9bw/moment-tensor) and IRIS (http://ds.iris.edu/spud/momenttensor/20746202).
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Acknowledgements
This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) Project (Grant No. 12073012).
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LL wrote the main manuscript. LL and YC provided the methodology and software. SJ supervised this article and reviewed this paper. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Li, L., Jin, S. & Chai, Y. Co-seismic ionospheric disturbances characteristics in different azimuths following the 2022 Mexico earthquake from GNSS observations. GPS Solut 28, 23 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01564-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01564-9