Abstract
The Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) can monitor earth deformation at different frequencies, including sub-diurnal, fortnightly and seasonal bands. In standard 24-h GNSS data processing, we correct ocean tide loading (OTL) displacements by conventional models. Errors in the OTL modeling may lead to incorrect geophysical interpretation of observed displacements due to residual sub-daily OTL signals propagated to longer periods. OTL models and propagated signals have been studied mainly using GPS data, which introduce systematic errors at K1 and K2 tidal periods. We analyze the OTL residual displacements of eight major diurnal and semidiurnal tides derived from the FES2014b ocean tide atlas, using GPS, Galileo and GLONASS observations, and comparing both kinematic and static estimation approaches. The static method appears to be the most reliable way to retrieve the OTL residuals from other error sources with lower formal uncertainty. For the K1, K2 and S2 tides, the agreement improves by up to 55% when using Galileo and/or GLONASS, compared to GPS. We implemented an optimal weighting strategy with downweighted GPS contribution to the observation of K1/K2 for improving the estimation of the residual OTL errors. Several spurious signals appear for GPS, Galileo and GLONASS at the fortnightly band resulting from the propagation of mismodeled OTL. Estimating residual tidal coefficients alongside the 24-h static station positions mitigates the spectral power of these signals. Additional spurious signals appear at harmonics of the Galileo and GLONASS constellation repeat periods of 10 and 8 sidereal days, respectively. These signals cannot be attributed to mismodeled OTL.
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Data availability
RINEX were obtained through the online archives of the Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS) https://cddis.nasa.gov/archive/gnss/data/daily/. The orbit and clock products were provided by the GRGS Analysis Center.
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Acknowledgements
We thank comments by Dr. Nigel Penna, an anonymous reviewer, and the handling editor Dr. Alfred Leick that increased the quality and clarity of this manuscript. We are grateful to Prof. Jean-Paul Boy from Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), France, for providing the program to compute the ocean tide loading corrections. We also thank Jim Ray for helpful comments on an early version of the manuscript. This work was supported by Region Occitanie and the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES).
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HA-L, AS-G and FP contributed to the design of the study. HA undertook software modifications, GNSS data processing, and drafted the preliminary manuscript. HA-L, AS-G and FP participated in the analysis of the results and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.
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F. Perosanz: Formerly at GET, Université Paul Sabatier, CNES, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Ait-Lakbir, H., Santamaría-Gómez, A. & Perosanz, F. Assessment of sub-daily ocean tide loading errors and mitigation of their propagation in multi-GNSS position time series. GPS Solut 27, 129 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01467-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-023-01467-9