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The neurobiology of human crying

Clinical Autonomic Research volume 29, pages 63–73 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

The production of emotional tears appears to be uniquely present in Homo sapiens. Despite the ubiquity of this human behavior, research is only just beginning to uncover the neurobiologic underpinnings of human emotional crying. In this article, we review the current state of the literature investigating the neurobiologic aspects of this uniquely human behavior, including the neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and psychophysiologic findings. To set the context for this review, we first provide a brief overview of the evolutionary background and functions of tearful crying. Despite an accumulating understanding of the neurobiology of human emotional crying, the primary sources of information are currently from animal studies and observations in neurologic patients suffering from pathologic crying. Currently, most of the research on the neurobiology of crying in humans has focused on autonomic physiologic processes underlying tearful crying, which may yield essential clues regarding the neural substrates of the production of crying behavior and its effects on the crier. Further challenges in elucidating the neurobiology of crying involve the complexity of crying behavior, which includes vocalizations, tear production, the involvement of facial musculature, subjective emotional experience, emotion regulatory behaviors, and social behaviors. Future research is needed to comprehensively characterize the neurobiology of this intriguing and complex human behavior.

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Fig. 1

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude for the input of Ton van Boxtel and Kees Brunia on earlier versions of the figure. The final figure was drawn by Rogier Trompert. The authors also appreciate the feedback from two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript. The first author, Lauren M. Bylsma, is supported by an NIMH K01 Award (MH104325).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara St, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

    Lauren M. Bylsma

  2. University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

    Asmir Gračanin

  3. Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets

Authors
  1. Lauren M. Bylsma
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  2. Asmir Gračanin
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  3. Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets
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Correspondence to Lauren M. Bylsma.

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Bylsma, L.M., Gračanin, A. & Vingerhoets, A.J.J.M. The neurobiology of human crying. Clin Auton Res 29, 63–73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10286-018-0526-y

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Keywords

  • Crying
  • Tears
  • Social
  • Emotion
  • Neurobiology
  • Physiology