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Immunothérapie : un nouveau paradigme dans la prise en charge du cancer bronchique non à petites cellules

Immunotherapy: a new paradigm in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer

  • Mise Au Point / Update
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Oncologie

Résumé

L’immunothérapie, en particulier les inhibiteurs des points de contrôle de la réponse immunitaire, a montré une efficacité extrêmement intéressante en termes de survie dans les cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules localement avancées ou métastatiques, en seconde ligne, chez des patients PS 0 ou 1 ayant progressé après une première ligne de chimiothérapie à base de platine. Dans les cancers épidermoïdes, le nivolumab, un anti-PD1, permet d’obtenir une survie globale de 9,2 versus 6 mois; HR = 0,59; p < 0,001; dans les non épidermoïdes, le bénéfice est du même ordre (12,2 vs 9,4 mois; HR = 0,73; p = 0,002), mais est clairement corrélé au taux d’expression du PDL1 par les cellules tumorales, avec pas de bénéfice pour les patients sans expression et un bénéfice important pour les patients ayant de fortes expressions. Cela est confirmé par les essais utilisant le pembrolizumab, un autre anti-PD1 avec bénéfice en survie, versus docétaxel (HR = 0,71; p = 0,0008), bénéfice plus important dans le sous-groupe des patients ayant une expression du PDL1 supérieure à 50 %, et plus récemment par un anti-PDL1, l’atézolizumab qui, dans une phase II, randomisé, a retrouvé par rapport au docétaxel un gain en survie de 12,6 versus 9,7 mois; HR = 0,73; p = 0,04, corrélé au taux d’expression du PDL1 au niveau des cellules tumorales et immunitaires. La tolérance de ces médicaments est bonne, mais avec des événements de type immunitaire, rares mais parfois graves, nécessitant une prise en charge spécifique. De nombreuses questions restent à poser pour les populations spécifiques: personnes âgées, avec comorbidités, PS 2, présence de métastases cérébrales. Enfin, de nombreux essais sont en cours, évaluant l’utilisation de ces immunothérapies en seconde ligne, en association ou pas avec une chimiothérapie.

Abstract

Immunotherapy, in particular immune response checkpoint inhibitors, has shown to be extremely effective in terms of survival in locally advanced or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer, as a second line treatment in PS 0 or PS 1 patients who have progressed following platinumbased first line chemotherapy. In squamous cell cancers, nivolumab, a PD1 antibody, enables an overall survival of 9.2 months vs 6 months to be achieved, HR = 0.59; P < 0.001; in non-squamous cell carcinoma, the benefit is of the same order (12.2 months vs 9.4 months, HR = 0.73; P = 0.002), but clearly correlated to the PDL1 expression rate by the tumour cells, with no benefit for patients without expression, and a considerable benefit for those patients with strong expression. This is confirmed through trials using pembrolizumab, another PD1 antibody, with an increase in survival over docetaxel (HR = 0.71; P = 0.0008), with a more considerable benefit seen in the sub-group of patients who have PDL1 expression > 50% and, more recently, with a PDL1 antibody, atezolizumab, which in a phase II randomised study showed an increase in survival of 12.6 vs 9.7 months compared with docetaxel, HR = 0.73; P = 0.04, which correlated with the PDL1 expression rate from the tumour and immune cells. The tolerance of these drugs is good; however, with rare, but often serious immune type events, they require specific management. Numerous questions remain unanswered regarding specific populations: the elderly, those with co-morbidities, those who are PS 2 and those with brain metastases. Finally, numerous trials are ongoing, evaluating the use of these second line immunotherapies, given concomitantly or not with chemotherapy.

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Correspondence to C. Chouaid.

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Gauvain, C., Lena, H., Corre, R. et al. Immunothérapie : un nouveau paradigme dans la prise en charge du cancer bronchique non à petites cellules. Oncologie 18, 365–370 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-016-2633-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-016-2633-5

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