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Chimiothérapie des métastases d’origine colorectale jamais résécables : stratégie multiligne, thérapies ciblées

Chemotherapy for previously unresectable colorectal metastases: Multi-line strategies and targeted therapies

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Oncologie

Résumé

Le développement d’anticancéreux plus actifs (oxaliplatine, irinotécan) associés aux thérapies ciblées ainsi que les avancées de la chirurgie ont allongé la survie des patients atteints de cancer colorectal métastatique (CCRm). Concernant les patients avec métastases considérées comme définitivement non résécables, le choix du traitement de première ligne est guidé par le bien-fondé et la faisabilité d’un traitement agressif, la notion d’une chimiothérapie antérieure par oxaliplatine, d’autant plus qu’elle est récente, et le statut tumoral RAS devenu désormais incontournable. Un facteur pronostique majeur est l’accès du patient à tous les anticancéreux, corrélé de façon linéaire à la survie. Il en est probablement de même avec les agents ciblés. Les combinaisons bithérapie-cytotoxique associée à un agent ciblé (bevacizumab ou anticorps anti-EGFR si RAS sauvage) constituent actuellement le traitement standard de première ligne chez les patients avec métastases sans espoir de résécabilité. En cas de maladie contrôlée après quatre à six mois de bithérapie cytotoxique, un traitement d’entretien par fluoropyrimidine (seule ou associée au bevacizumab) jusqu’à progression est devenu une option thérapeutique. Des données supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour identifier les sous-groupes de malades pouvant bénéficier d’une pause thérapeutique complète susceptible d’améliorer la qualité de vie des patients. En cas de maladie peu évolutive et/ou chez un patient « fragile », une fluoropyrimidine (seule ou associée au bevacizumab) peut constituer un traitement de première intention (ajout de l’oxaliplatine ou de l’irinotécan uniquement à la progression tumorale), sans détriment sur la survie comparé à une bithérapie cytotoxique d’emblée poursuivie jusqu’à progression ou toxicité limitante. Inversement, des survies jamais égalées ont été obtenues chez des malades sélectionnés recevant une trichimiothérapie cytotoxique d’induction (seule ou associée à une thérapie ciblée) suivie d’une désescalade thérapeutique. Ces stratégies méritent d’être comparées par des essais randomisés.

Abstract

The advent of more active cytotoxic drugs (oxaliplatin, irinotecan), combined with targeted therapies and advances in surgery, has increased the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. The choice of first-line chemotherapy in case of patients with definitely non-resectable metastasis is guided by the merits and feasibility of aggressive treatment, history of prior adjuvant oxaliplatin, and tumor RAS status that has become essential. A major prognostic factor is patient’s access to all anticancer drugs, which is linearly correlated to survival. The same is probably true regarding targeted agents. The combination of doublet chemotherapy (fluoropyrimidine combined with oxaliplatin or irinotecan) and a targeted agent (bevacizumab or anti-EGFR antibodies if wild-type RAS) is the first-line standard of care for patients with non-resectable metastasis. In case of disease control after a 4–6 month induction bitherapy, treatment maintenance with a fluoropyrimidine (alone or combined with bevacizumab) until disease progression is a therapeutic option. Supplementary data are warranted to select subgroups of patients that may benefit from intermittent treatment to improve quality of life. In case of slowly growing metastatic disease and/or in frail patients, fluoropyrimidine (alone or combined with bevacizumab) may also be a first-line treatment option (oxaliplatin or irinotecan being added at the time of disease progression), without damage to survival compared with a strategy based on immediate doublet chemotherapy continued until progression or dose-limiting toxicity. On the other hand, survival rates ever achieved were obtained in selected patients after tricytotoxic-induction therapy (alone or combined with targeted agent) followed by maintenance treatment. These strategies deserve to be compared through further randomized trials.

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Boige, V., Malka, D., Ferté, C. et al. Chimiothérapie des métastases d’origine colorectale jamais résécables : stratégie multiligne, thérapies ciblées. Oncologie 16, 579–586 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-014-2472-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-014-2472-1

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