Skip to main content
Log in

La fraude en cancérologie

Fraud in oncology

  • Synthèse / Review Article
  • Published:
Oncologie

Abstract

Fraud means to cheat or falsify research data. Plagiarism is using another’s data without obtaining permission. Research misconduct is now defined as falsification, fabrication and plagiarism in performing or reporting research results. Discrepancy means a non intentional error in performing or reporting research results. In oncology, four major misconducts have been reported. Dr Poisson falsified data concerning patients included in NASBP trials. Dr Herrmann and Dr Brach manipulated graphics and tables in their publications. Dr Bezwoda did not present patients’ consent for trials enrolment and there were important protocol deviations in treatments given. Dr Sudbo fabricated data for 900 patients in an epidemiological study. In very special cases, limits between discrepancy and fraud can be hard especially if the basic data are no more available. Misconducts have deleterious effects on Sciences, upon lay public with lost of confidence and bring shame on institutions where the misconduct took place. Frequency of misconducts in oncology is unknown. In sciences, the prevalence range between 2 to 5%. Watchfull of coauthors and institutions is away to prevent fraud. Education of young scientist to avoid plagiarism or fraud is done in some institutions. Some countries have establish Office of Research Integrity (ORI) which task is to develop procedures and regulations related to the detection of misconduct and to investigate some misconducts. The development of whistle-blowers to find misconduct is encouraged by some institutions, but this policy can go back against whistleblowers which careers can be ruined. Scientist who behaves badly has not an abnormal personality. More often there are circumstances where scientists want more grants or a better position.

Résumé

La fraude qui correspond à une intention délibérée d’altérer les données englobe aussi le plagiat. Fraude et plagiat sont souvent regroupés sous le terme d’inconduite scientifique. Cette inconduite se différencie de l’erreur commise sans mauvaise intention et des biais qui correspondent à une erreur dans le recrutement ou l’interprétation des données. En cancérologie, quatre fraudes ont eu des retentissements importants. Le Dr Poisson a falsifié des données concernant ses patientes incluses dans des essais du NSABP. Les Drs Hermann et Brach ont été accusés de manipulation de graphiques et de tableaux. Le Dr Bezwoda n’a pas recueilli le consentement de ses malades et il a, entre autres, appliqué des protocoles de chimiothérapie différents de ceux qu’il avait publiés. Le Dr Sudbo est allé jusqu’à inventer des patients dans une étude épidémiologique. La prescription de médecines alternatives non prouvées censées guérir le cancer est considérée comme une inconduite scientifique. Les limites entre erreur et fraude ne sont pas toujours claires. Les conséquences sont désastreuses pour le progrès scientifique, pour le grand public qui perd confiance et pour l’institution qui a couvert la recherche. La fréquence de la fraude en cancérologie est difficile à estimer compte tenu de sa rareté relative. En sciences, elle est estimée de 2 à 5 %. La prévention de la fraude nécessite des mises en garde et la vigilance des coauteurs ainsi que celle des institutions universitaires et hospitalières dont la responsabilité est engagée. Certains pays comme les États-Unis ont mis en place une institution ou une délégation spécialisée qui analyse les suspicions de fraudes et rend son verdict sur la réalité de la fraude et ses conséquences. L’incitation à la délation est encouragée par certains, il n’est pas sûr qu’elle soit efficace. Il ne semble pas que les fraudeurs présentent une personnalité particulière, la plupart recherchent la reconnaissance de leurs pairs pour obtenir postes et crédits.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Références

  1. Anonyme (1996) Imanishi-Kari case ends, but debate on scientific conduct continues. [En ligne]. In: MIT News. Site disponible sur: http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1996/imanishi-0724.html (page consultée le 20 septembre 2010)

  2. Anonyme (2005) Clamp down on copycats. Nature 438: 2

  3. Anonyme (2006) Frauds upends oral cancer field, casting doubt on prevention trial. Science 311: 448

    Google Scholar 

  4. Angell M, Kassirer JP (1994) Setting the record straight in the breast cancer trials. New Engl J Med 330: 1448–1449

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Atterstam I (1997) Karolinska institute rocked by research misconduct. Lancet 350: 643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Balch CM (2001) Duplicate submission and scientific fraud. Ann Surg Oncol 8: 381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Boehm K, Borrelli F, Ernst E, et al. (2009) Green tea (Camellia sinensis) for the prevention of cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3: CD005004

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Anonyme (2007) Misconduct? It’s all academic. Nature 445: 240–241

  9. Couzin J, Schirber M (2006) Scientific misconduct. Frauds upends oral cancer field, casting doubt on prevention trial. Science 311: 448–449

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Dyer O (2004) Doctors who offered “magic potions” found guilty of serious professional misconduct. BMJ 329: 1066

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ernst E, Schmidt K, Steuer-Vogt MK (2003) Mistletoe for cancer? A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Int J Cancer 107: 262–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Errani M, Garner H (2008) A tale of two citations. Nature 251: 3979

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fanelli D (2009) How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PloS One 4(5): e5738

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Horton R (2000) After Bezwoda. Lancet 355: 942–943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Horton R (2006) Retraction-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of oral cancer: a nested case-control study. Lancet 367: 382

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Houston M (2008) Surgeon is jailed for fraudulent insurance claims after faking wife’s breast cancer. BMJ 336: 635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hsieh CC, MacMahon B, Yen S, et al. (1986) Coffee and cancer of pancreas (chapter 2). N Engl J Med 315: 587–589

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hwang WS, Roh SI, Lee BC, et al. (2005) Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts. Science 308: 1777–1783 Erratum in (2005) Science 310: 1769. (Retraction in: Kennedy D (2006) Science 311: 335)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Judson HF (2004) The great betrayal: fraud in science. 1ère éd. Harcourt, Orlando, 463p

    Google Scholar 

  20. MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D, et al. (1981) Coffee and cancer of pancreas. New Engl J Med 304: 630–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Martinson BC, Anderson MS, De Vries R (2005) Scientits behaving badly. Nature 535: 737–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Nielsen LB, Lund E (2009) Scientific misconduct and participation rates in population-based epidemiological research: the NOWAC study. Eur J Epidemiol 24: 69–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) disponible sur: http://ori.hhs.gov/publications/newsletters.shtml (page consultée le 20 septembre 2010)

  24. Relman AS (1983) Lessons from the Darsee affair. New Engl J Med 308: 1415–1417

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schaffer WA, Rollo FD, Holt CA (1988) Falsification of clinical credentials by physicians applying for ambulatory-staff privileges. New Engl J Med 318: 356–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shapiro MF, Charrow RP (1985) Scientific misconduct in investigational drug trials. New Engl J Med 312: 731–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Steimle S (1998) Will Germany’s good scientific practice guidelines prevent fraud? J Natl Cancer Inst 22: 1694–1695

    Google Scholar 

  28. Sudbo J, Lee J, Lippman SM, et al. (2005) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of oral cancer: a nested case-control study. Lancet 366: 1359–1366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Taylor I (2005) Academia’s misconduct is acceptable to industry. Nature 436: 626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Titus SL, Wells JA, Rhoades LJ (2008) Repairing research integrity. Nature 45: 980–982

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Tuffs A (2002) Cancer specialist found guilty of misconduct. BMJ 325: 1193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Tuffs A (2007) Cancer surgeon is suspended over “unconventional donations”. BMJ 335: 793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tuffs A (2008) Three jailed in Germany for selling a fraudulent cancer cure to terminally ill patients. BMJ 337: 875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Weiss RB, Rifkin RM, Stewart MF, et al. (2000) High-dose chemotherapy for high risk primary breast cancer: an on-site review of the Bezwoda study. Lancet 355: 999–1003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Weiss RB, Gill GG, Hudis CA (2001) An onsite audit of the South African Trial of high dose chemotherapy for metastatic cancer and associated publication. J Clin Oncol 19: 2771–2777

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Wilmshurst P (2002) Institutional corruption in medicine. BMJ 325: 1232–1235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Schraub.

About this article

Cite this article

Schraub, S., Ben Ayed, F. La fraude en cancérologie. Oncologie 12, 675–681 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-010-1960-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10269-010-1960-1

Keywords

Mots clés

Navigation