Abstract
Floral organ movements that ensure autonomous selfing are likely to occur in species that grow in habitats with pollinator scarcity and/or an unpredictable environment. Stamen curvature and temporal flower closure are two important floral behaviors that can influence plant pollination mode and reproductive success. However, both behaviors are rarely reported within a species, and little is known about how these two movements of floral organs ensure reproductive success in an unpredictable early spring environment with few pollinators. The aim of this study was to assess whether stamen curvature and temporal flower closure ensure successful reproduction of Leontice incerta in its cold desert habitat. Flowering phenology, floral traits, stamen curvature patterns and flower visitors were surveyed. The breeding system, capacity and timing for autonomous selfing were estimated by pollination manipulations. The timing of floral opening and closure, and benefits of temporal flower closure were determined. We found that flowering of L. incerta began in late March to early April in two populations in two years, and the yellow flowers had neither nectar nor scent. Floral visitation occurred very rarely, but bees (Colletes sp.) were potential pollinators. Fruit and seed set of open and bagged flowers did not differ significantly from that of self-pollinated or cross-pollinated flowers. However, removal of stamens significantly decreased seed set. Self-pollination occurs when the stamens curve and anthers touch the stigma autonomously, suggesting autonomous selfing assurance of seed production in this self-compatible species. Both fruit and seed set of flowers that were prevented from closing were significantly lower than those of control flowers and closed flowers treated with simulated rain treatment. Therefore, stamen curvature and temporal floral closure can ensure successful sexual reproduction of L. incerta in early spring in the cold desert, where lack of pollinators otherwise may lead to pollination failure.
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The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are provided in full in the results section of this paper.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Professors Carol C. Baskin and Jerry M. Baskin (University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA) for revision of the manuscript, YB Gong (Wuhan University) for providing very valuable suggestions and HZ Ma and ZY Wang for help in the field. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31760060, 31960053 and U1603231).
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DYT and JM designed the study; JM, DHH and JQ performed experiments; JM analyzed the data; All authors wrote the manuscript.
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Mamut, J., Huang, DH., Qiu, J. et al. Stamen curvature and temporal flower closure assure reproductive success in an early-spring-flowering perennial in the cold desert of Middle Asia. J Plant Res 136, 33–45 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01428-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01428-2