Skip to main content

Origin of the critically endangered endemic species Scrophularia takesimensis (Scrophulariaceae) on Ulleung Island, Korea: implications for conservation

Journal of Plant Research volume 133, pages 765–782 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Scrophularia takesimensis is a critically endangered endemic species of Ulleung Island, Korea. A previous molecular phylogenetic study based on nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences with very limited sampling suggested that it is most closely related to the clade comprising S. alata and S. grayanoides. To determine the origin of S. takesimensis, we sampled a total of 171 accessions including S. takesimensis (9 populations and 63 individuals) and two closely related species, S. alata (11 populations and 68 individuals) and S. grayanoides (5 populations and 40 individuals) from eastern Asia and sequenced ITS and two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) non-coding regions. Previously sequenced representative species of Scrophularia (109 taxa for ITS and 80 taxa for cpDNA) were combined with our data set and analyzed. While the global scale ITS phylogenetic tree suggests monophyly for each of the three eastern Asian species, S. takesimensis appears to be more closely related (albeit weakly) to a clade containing eastern North American/Caribbean species than to either S. alata or S. grayanoides. By contrast, the global scale cpDNA phylogenetic tree demonstrates that the eastern North America/Caribbean clade is sister to a clade comprising the three eastern Asian species. In addition, the monophyletic S. takesimensis is deeply embedded within paraphyletic S. alata, sharing its most recent common ancestor with populations from Japan/Sakhalin. Two divergent, geographically structured cp haplotype groups within S. takesimensis suggest at least two independent introductions from different source areas. A new and accurate chromosome number of S. takesimensis (2n = 94) is reported and some conservation strategies are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price includes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

References

  • Ahn Y-H, Lee SJ, Kang K-H (2006) Study of artificial propagation of native Scrophularia takesimensis. Proc Korean Soc Environ Ecol Conf 1:153–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Bekessy SA, Allnutt TR, Premoli AC et al (2002) Genetic variation in the vulnerable and endemic Monkey Puzzle tree, detected using RAPDs. Heredity 88:243–249. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bramwell D, Caujapé-Castells J (2011) The biology of island floras. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Chang CS, Jeon JI (2003) Leaf flavonoids in Cotoneaster wilsonii (Rosaceae) from the island Ulleung-do, Korea. Biochem Syst Ecol 31:171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00064-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi B-J, Byun D-S, Lee K-H (2012a) Satellite-altimeter-derived East Sea surface currents: Estimation, description and variability pattern. J Korean Soc Oceanogr 17:225–242. https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2012.17.4.225 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi HJ, Jang H, Do, Isagi Y, Oh BU (2012b) Distribution and conservation status of the critically endangered Scrophularia takesimensis, a plant endemic to Ulleung Island, Republic of Korea. Oryx 46:399–402. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605312000117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clement M, Posada D, Crandall KA (2000) TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies. Mol Ecol 9:1657–1659. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01020.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darriba D, Taboada G, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9:772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin C (1842) The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Smith, Elder and Co., London

    Google Scholar 

  • DeJoode DR, Wendel JF (1992) Genetic diversity and origin of the Hawaiian Islands cotton, Gossypium tomentosum. Am J Bot 79:1311–1319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edmands S (2007) Between a rock and a hard place: evaluating the relative risks of inbreeding and outbreeding for conservation and management. Mol Ecol 16:463–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03148.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellstrand NC, Elam DR (1993) Population genetic consequences of small population size: implications for plant conservation. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:217–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson BC (2002) Evolution on oceanic islands: molecular phylogenetic approaches to understanding pattern and process. Mol Ecol 11:951–966. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01507.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson BC, Patiño J (2018) Anagenesis, cladogenesis, and speciation on islands. Trends Ecol Evol 33:448–491

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39:783–791

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer M, Matthies D (1997) Mating structure and inbreeding and outbreeding depression in the rare plant Gentianella germanica (Gentianaceae). Am J Bot 84:1685–1692. https://doi.org/10.2307/2446466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francisco-Ortega J, Santos-Guerra A, Kim S-C, Crawford DJ (2000) Plant genetic diversity in the Canary islands: a conservation perspective. Am J Bot 87:909–919. https://doi.org/10.2307/2656988

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R (1997) Do island populations have less genetic variation than mainland populations? Heredity 78:311–327. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1997.46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R, Ballou JD, Eldridge MDB et al (2011) Predicting the probability of outbreeding depression. Conserv Biol 25:465–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01662.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil H-Y, Kim S-C (2016) Viola woosanensis, a recurrent spontaneous hybrid between V. ulleungdoensis and V. chaerophylloides (Violaceae) endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea. J Plant Res 129:807–822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-016-0830-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han K, So S, Lee C-H, Kim M (2009) Taxonomy of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) in Korea. Korean J Plant Taxon 39:237–246. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2009.39.4.237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han K, Kim M, Suh G et al (2010) Vegetation and soil properties of Scrophularia takesimensis population in Ulleung Island. J Korean Environ Restor Technol 13:24–31 (in Korean)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart MW, Sunday J (2007) Things fall apart: biological species form unconnected parsimony networks. Biol Lett 3:509–512. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong SC, Kim YW, Pak J-H et al (2002) Wild plants of Ulleung Islands. Ulleung-Gun (in Korean)

  • Honjo M, Ueno S, Tsumura Y et al (2004) Phylogeographic study based on intraspecific sequence variation of chloroplast DNA for the conservation of genetic diversity in the Japanese endangered species Primula sieboldii. Biol Conserv 120:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.02.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyun JO (2001) Catogorization of the threatened plant species in Korea. Dissertation, Soonchunhyang University (in Korean)

  • Jang H-D (2016) A systematic study of the genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) in Northeast Asia. Dissertation, Chungbuk National University (in Korean)

  • Jennersten O (1988) Pollination in Dianthus deltoides (Caryophyllaceae): Effects of habitat fragmentation on visitation and seed set. Conserv Biol 2:359–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung S-Y, Park S-H, Nam C-H et al (2013) The distribution of vascular plants in Ulleungdo and nearby island regions (Gwaneumdo, Jukdo), Korea. J Asia-Pacific Biodivers 6:123–156. https://doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2013.6.1.123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamada T, Yamashiro T, Maki M (2007) Intraspecific morphological and genetic differentiation in Scrophularia grayana (Scrophulariaceae). J Plant Res 120:437–443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-007-0084-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang JH, Choi KO, Ahn SY et al (2009) Improvement of seed germination in Scrophularia takesimensis, Korean native plant. Korean J Hortic Sci Technol 27:535–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A et al (2012) Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647–1649. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim YK (1985) Perology of Ulreung volcanic island, Korea - Part 1. Geology. J Japanese Assoc Mineral Petrol Econ Geol 80:128–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Kang KH (2010) Conservation and status of distribution Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai Ulleung Island, Korea. In: Proceedings of Korean Society of Environment and Ecology conference, pp 55–58

  • Kim S-S, Kang K-H, Kang S-G et al (2013) A discovery of new habitats and conservation strategy of Scrophularia takesimensis Nakai in Ulleung island. J Agric Life Sci 47:83–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim S-B (ed) (2014) Korean red list of threatened species, 2nd edn. National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura M (1980) Simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitution through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16:111–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870–1874. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw054

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP et al (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23:2947–2948. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee C, Kim S-C, Lundy K, Santos-Guerra A (2005) Chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the woody Sonchus alliance (Asteraceae: Sonchinae) in the Macaronesian Islands. Am J Bot 92:2072–2085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J, Kim S-Y (2008) Chromosomes of endemic plants in Korea. Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology

  • Lee TB, Yamazaki T (1983) A revision of the Scrophulariaceae in Korea. Bull Arbor Seoul Natl Univ 4:34–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee BC (ed) (2009) Rare plants: data book of Korea. Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee S-G, Kim S-S, Ku J-J (2014) Ex situ conservation of Scrophularia takesimensis through seed germination and pot cultivation. J Agric Life Sci 48:133–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, An C, Lee YJ et al (2016) Effect of storage condition on the Germination of Scrophularia buergeriana and Scrophularia takesimensis. Korean J Med Crop Sci 24:393–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee W, Yang JY, Jung KS et al (2017) Chloroplast DNA assessment of anagenetic speciation in Rubus takesimensis (Rosaceae) on Ulleung Island, Korea. J Plant Biol 60:163–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-016-0421-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim Y, Na ST, Lee SJ et al (2008) Spatial distribution patterns and implications for conservation of Scrophularia takesimensis (Scrophulariaceae), an endangered endemic species on Ulleung Island, Korea. J Plant Biol 51:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03030701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Sepúlveda P, Takayama K, Greimler J et al (2013) Genetic variation (AFLPs and nuclear microsatellites) in two anagenetically derived endemic species of Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae) on the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Am J Bot 100:722–734. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S-M, Lim Y-S, Na S-T et al (2011) Genetic structure and population differentiation of endangered Scrophularia takesimensis. Korean J Plant Taxon 41:182–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menges ES (1991) Seed germination percentage increases with population size in a fragmented prairie species. Conserv Biol 5:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1991.tb00120.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagi Prefecture (2002) Red data book of Miyagi Prefecture. Miyagi Prefecture Information Center, Sendai

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller K (2005) SeqState - primer design and sequence statistics for phylogenetic DNA data sets. Appl Bioinform 4:65–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Pérez ML, López J, Fernández-Mazuecos M et al (2013) The role of birds and insects in pollination shifts of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 69:239–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.027

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro-Pérez ML, Vargas P, Fernández-Mazuecos M et al (2015) Multiple windows of colonization to Macaronesia by the dispersal-unspecialized Scrophularia since the Late Miocene. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 17:263–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2015.05.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SJ (1994) A role for molecular genetics in biological conservation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5748–5755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oh S-H (2015) Sea, wind, or bird: Origin of Fagus multinervis (Fagaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA sequences. Korean J Plant Taxon 45:213–220. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2015.45.3.213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park J, Kim M, Park K-R (2010) Genetic variation in endangered Scrophularia takesimensis (Scrophulariaceae) from Ulleung Island. Bot Stud 51:371–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfosser MF, Guzy-Wróbelska J, Sun B-Y et al (2002) The origin of species of Acer (Sapindaceae) endemic to Ullung Island, Korea. Syst Bot 27:351–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfosser M, Jakubowsky G, Schlüter PM et al (2006) Evolution of Dystaenia takesimana (Apiaceae), endemic to Ullung Island, Korea. Plant Syst Evol 256:159–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-005-0374-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfosser MF, Sun B-Y, Stuessy TF et al (2011) Phylogeny of Hepatica (Ranunculaceae) and origin of Hepatica maxima Nakai endemic to Ullung Island, Korea. STAPFIA 95:16–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Probatova NS, Barkalov VY, Rudyka EG, Pavlova NS (2006a) Further chromosome studies on vascular plant species from Sakhalin, Moneran and Kurile Islands. Bull Hokkaido Univ Museum 3:93–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Probatova NS, Rudyka EG, Shatokhina AV et al (2006b) Chromosome numbers in species of the flora of the Primorsky Territory and the Amur River basin. Bot Zhurnal 5:785–804 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Probatova NS, Barkalov VY, Rūdyka EG, Kozhevnikova ZV (2009) Additions to chromosome numbers for vascular plants from Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands (1). Bull Hokkaido Univ Mus 5:35–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F, Teslenko M, van der Mark P et al (2012) MrBayes 3.2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol 61:539–542. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheunert A, Heubl G (2011) Phylogenetic relationships among New World Scrophularia L. (Scrophulariaceae): new insights inferred from DNA sequence data. Plant Syst Evol 291:69–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-010-0369-z

  • Scheunert A, Heubl G (2014) Diversification of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) in the Western Mediterranean and Macaronesia - Phylogenetic relationships, reticulate evolution and biogeographic patterns. Mol Phylogenet Evol 70:296–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.09.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scheunert A, Heubl G (2017) Against all odds: reconstructing the evolutionary history of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) despite high levels of incongruence and reticulate evolution. Org Divers Evol 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0316-0

  • Shaw J, Lickey EB, Beck JT et al (2005) The tortoise and the hare II: Relative utility of 21 noncoding chloroplast DNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Am J Bot 92:142–166. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.1.142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw J, Lickey EB, Schilling EE, Small RL (2007) Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. Am J Bot 94:275–288. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.3.275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin H, Oh S-H, Lim Y et al (2014) Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Aster chusanensis, an endemic species of Ulleungdo, Korea. J Plant Biol 57:174–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-014-0135-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestro D, Michalak I (2012) RaxmlGUI: A graphical front-end for RAxML. Org Divers Evol 12:335–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons MP, Ochoterena H (2000) Gaps as characters in sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Syst Biol 49:369–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A (2014) RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30:1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stuessy TF, Ono M (eds) (1998) Evolution and speciation of island plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuessy TF, Crawford D, Marticorena C (1990) Patterns of phylogeny in the endemic vascular flora of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile. Syst Bot 15:338–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuessy TF, Jakubowsky G, Gomez RS et al (2006) Anagenetic evolution in island plants. J Biogeogr 33:1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01504.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun B-Y, Shin H, Hyun J-O et al (2014) Vascular plants of Dokdo and Ulleungdo Islands in Korea. The National Institute of Biological Resources, Korea. GeoBook Pulishing Co. (in Korean)

  • Swofford DL (2002) PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), version 4.0 Beta 10. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

  • Takayama K, Sun B-Y, Stuessy TF (2012) Genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation in Acer okamotoanum (Sapindaceae) on Ullung Island, Korea. Ann Bot 109:321–330. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama K, Sun B-Y, Stuessy TF (2013) Anagenetic speciation in Ullung Island, Korea: genetic diversity and structure in the island endemic species, Acer takesimense (Sapindaceae). J Plant Res 126:323–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-012-0529-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama K, López-Sepúlveda P, Greimler J et al (2015) Relationships and genetic consequences of contrasting modes of speciation among endemic species of Robinsonia (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile, based on AFLPs and SSRs. New Phytol 205:415–428. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13000

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Templeton AR (1986) Coadaptation and outbreeding depression. In: Soulé ME (ed) Conservation biology: the science of scarcity and diversity. Sinauer, Sunderland, pp 105–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill NW (ed) (1993) The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding: theoretical and empirical perspectives. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace A (1881) Island life. Macmillan and Co., London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen J (1999) Evolution of Eastern Asian and Eastern North American disjunct distributions in flowering plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 30:421–455. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen J, Ickert-Bond S, Nie Z-L, Li R (2010) Timing and modes of evolution of eastern Asia-North American biogeographic disjunctions in seed plants. In: Long M, Gu H, Zhou Z (eds) Darwin’s heritage today: Proceedings of the Darwin 200 Beijing international conference. Higher Education Press, Beijing, pp 252–269

  • Wen J, Nie Z-L, Ickert-Bond SM (2016) Intercontinental disjunctions between eastern Asia and western North America in vascular plants highlight the biogeographic importance of the Bering land bridge from late Cretaceous to Neogene. J Syst Evol 54:469–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker RJ, Fernández-Palacios J (2007) Island biogeography, 2nd edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford

  • Whittaker RJ, Triantis KA, Ladle RJ (2008) A general dynamic theory of oceanic island biogeography. J Biogeogr 35:977–994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01892.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Conservation Monitoring Center (1992) Global biodiversity: status of the Earth’s living resources. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki T (1962) Note on Scrophulariaceae of Asia. J Jpn Bot 37:263–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamazaki T (1982) Nomenclatural changes and new taxa of some Scrophulariaceous plants in Japan. J Jpn Bot 57:212–215 (in Japanese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang S, Jang H-D, Nam BM et al (2015) A florisitic study of Ulleungdo Island in Korea. Korean J Plant Taxon 45:192–212 (in Korean)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang JY, Pak J-H, Maki M et al (2019) Multiple origins and the population genetic structure of Rubus takesimensis (Rosaceae) on Ulleung Island: implications for the genetic consequences of anagenetic speciation. PLoS ONE 14:e0222707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young A, Boyle T, Brown T (1996) The population genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation for plants. Trends Ecol Evol 11:413–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(96)10045-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Seon A Yun, Hee Seung Seo, Joon Seon Lee, Petra Junes, and Ji-Hyeon Jeon for their assistance during the field work. We also wish to thank the Ministry of Environment, Daegu Branch, Korea, for issuing the sampling permit on Ulleung Island. We are greatly indebted to H. J. Choi, H. D. Jang, J. O. Hyun, and HHU for providing samples of Scrophularia from Russia and Japan and to J. Y. Yang for advice on chromosome counting. This work was supported in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF-2016R1D1A2B03934596 and NRF-2019R1A2C2009841). This manuscript represents a partial fulfillment of the doctoral degree at Sungkyunkwan University by the first author H-Y Gil.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Hee-Young Gil

    Present address: DMZ Botanic Garden, Korea National Arboretum, 916-70, Punchbowl-ro, Haean-myeon, 24564, Yanggu, South Korea

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, South Korea

    Hee-Young Gil & Seung-Chul Kim

  2. Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan

    Masayuki Maki

  3. Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Vladivostok, Russia

    Elena A. Pimenova

  4. Sakhalin Branch of Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia

    Aleksandr Taran

Authors
  1. Hee-Young Gil
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Masayuki Maki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Elena A. Pimenova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aleksandr Taran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Seung-Chul Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seung-Chul Kim.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gil, HY., Maki, M., Pimenova, E.A. et al. Origin of the critically endangered endemic species Scrophularia takesimensis (Scrophulariaceae) on Ulleung Island, Korea: implications for conservation. J Plant Res 133, 765–782 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01221-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-020-01221-z

Keywords

  • Anagenesis
  • Haplotype network
  • Intercontinental disjunct distribution
  • Oceanic island