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Viola woosanensis, a recurrent spontaneous hybrid between V. ulleungdoensis and V. chaerophylloides (Violaceae) endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea

Journal of Plant Research volume 129, pages 807–822 (2016)Cite this article

Abstract

Ulleung Island is an oceanic volcanic island in Korea, which has never been connected to the adjacent continent. Previous studies highlighted Ulleung Island as an excellent system to study the pattern and process of early stages of flowering plant evolutions on oceanic island. The predominant mode of speciation in flowering plants on Ulleung Island appears to be anagenesis. However, the potentially important role of hybrid speciation among incompletely reproductively isolated lineages cannot be ruled out. Viola woosanensis (Violaceae) is of purportedly hybrid origin between V. ulleungdoensis (i.e., formerly recognized as V. selkirkii in Ulleung Island) and V. chaerophylloides, based on morphology. To examine the origin of V. woosanensis, we sampled a total of 80 accessions, including V. woosanensis and its putative parental species and sequenced nrDNA ITS, and four highly variable chloroplast noncoding regions (trnL-trnF, rpl16 intron, atpF-atpH, and psbA-trnH). Representative species of Viola from Korea were also included in the phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference). Additive polymorphic sites in the nrDNA ITS regions were confirmed by cloning amplicons from representative species. The molecular data strongly supported the hybrid origin of V. woosanensis, and the maternal and paternal parent were determined to be V. ulleungdoensis and V. chaerophylloides, respectively. The presence of two parental ribotypes in V. woosanensis (with the exception in one population) was confirmed by cloning, suggesting V. woosanensis is primarily the F1 generation. No trace of backcrossing and introgression with its parents was detected due to low fertility of hybrid species. We found a multiple and unidirectional hybrid origin of V. woosanensis. Additional studies are required to determine which factors contribute to asymmetric gene flow of Viola species in Ulleung Island.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Seon A Yoon, Joonseon Lee, Petra Junes, and Jong Bin Jung for field assistance on Ulleung Island. This work was supported in part by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (NRF No. 2010-0002611). We dedicate this paper to the first author’s parents for their encouragement and endless support during the course of graduate programs.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do, 16419, Korea

    Hee-Young Gil & Seung-Chul Kim

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  1. Hee-Young Gil
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Correspondence to Seung-Chul Kim.

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Appendix 1

Appendix 1

A list of accessions included in the phylogenetic analyses of this study. Voucher specimens are deposited at the Ha Eun Herbarium, Sungkyunkwan University (SKK). Taxon Population Voucher Accession No.; Genbank accessions: ITS, atpF-atpH, psbA-trnH, rpl16 intron, and trnL-trnF.

Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W. Becker

Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, Anpyeongjeon; Gil et al. Gil2070 5_1; KP227441, KP257793, KP257949, KP257972, KP258033. 6_1; KP227431, KP257801, KP257907, KP258027, KP258063. 6_3; KP227442, KP257792, KP257923, KP258026, KP258089. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, KBS relay station; Gil et al. Gil2065 4_1; KP227483, KP257800, KP257928, KP257988, KP258103. 4_2; KP227426, KP257799, KP257874, KP257983, KP258079. 4_3; KP227515, KP257791, KP257942, KP258011, KP258060. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Jeo-dong; Gil et al. Gil2070_1 25_1; KP227455, KP257806, KP257892, KP257952, KP258088. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seokpo; Gil et al. Gil2119 26_1; KP227443, KP257794, KP257898, KP258019, KP258102. 26_2; KP227518, KP257802, KP257913, KP257993, KP258036. 26_2_1 (ITS sequence only); KP227448. 26_2_2 (ITS sequence only); KP227440. 26_2_3 (ITS sequence only); KP227447. 26_2_4 (ITS sequence only); KP227514. 26_2_5 (ITS sequence only); KP227429. 26_2_6 (ITS sequence only); KP227491. 26_2_7 (ITS sequence only); KP227427. 26_2_8 (ITS sequence only); KP227449. 26_4; KP227521, KP257797, KP257944, KP257980, KP258085. 26_5; KP227414, KP257805, KP257929, KP258007, KP258092. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Hyeongjebong; Gil et al. Gil2358 27_1; KP227516, KP257795, KP257936, KP258022, KP258065. 27_2; KP227419, KP257803, KP257927, KP257959, KP258035. 27_3; KP227409, KP257796, KP257948, KP258018, KP258074.

Viola ulleungdoensis M. Kim and J. Lee

Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Nariryeong; Gil et al. Gil2007 1_1; KP227513, KP257817, KP257873, KP257978, KP258056. 1_3; KP227397, KP257826, KP257884, KP257965, KP258068. 1_4; KP227469, KP257842, KP257886, KP257991, KP258054. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, Anpyeongjeon; Gil et al. Gil2076, Gil2079, Gil2082 10_1; KP227466, KP257810, KP257920, KP258002, KP258045. 10_2; KP227499, KP257864, KP257895, KP257964, KP258095. 10_3; KP227464, KP257848, KP257925, KP258005, KP258076. 12_1; KP227523, KP257859, KP257911, KP257953, KP258034. 12_2; KP227519, KP257829, KP257887, KP258024, KP258062. 14_1; KP227477, KP257828, KP257881, KP257981, KP258052. 14_2; KP227511, KP257815, KP257901, KP257970, KP258044. 14_3; KP227471, KP257850, KP257939, KP257971, KP258081. 15_1; KP227450, KP257851, KP257902, KP258009, KP258090. 15_2; KP227396, KP257818, KP257910, KP257989, KP258086. 15_3; KP227421, KP257821, KP257894, KP258023, KP258066. 15_4; KP227454, KP257827, KP257935, KP257977, KP258098. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong; Gil et al. Gil2085 16_1; KP227522, KP257867, KP257909, KP257994, KP258040. 16_2; KP227520, KP257840, KP257908, KP258003, KP258077. 16_3; KP227402, KP257841, KP257882, KP258020, KP258051. 16_4; KP227425, KP257813, KP257872, KP258008, KP258104. 16_5; KP227495, KP257832, KP257906, KP258010, KP258091. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Jeo-dong; Gil et al. Gil2090, Gil2092, Gil2094, Gil2098 18_1; KP227436, KP257809, KP257905, KP257967, KP258043. 18_3; KP227417, KP257861, KP257926, KP257987, KP258072. 19_1; KP227446, KP257868, KP257893, KP257962, KP258100. 19_1_1 (ITS sequence only); KP227416. 19_1_2 (ITS sequence only); KP227512. 19_1_3 (ITS sequence only); KP227463. 19_1_4 (ITS sequence only); KP227501. 19_1_5 (ITS sequence only); KP227474. 19_1_6 (ITS sequence only); KP227422. 19_1_7 (ITS sequence only); KP227475. 19_1_8 (ITS sequence only); KP227498. 20_1; KP227435, KP257852, KP257938, KP257973, KP258067. 21_1; KP227484, KP257866, KP257945, KP257986, KP258071. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seokpo; Gil et al. Gil2117 26_1; KP227479, KP257812, KP257941, KP258030, KP258105. 26_2; KP227424, KP257811, KP257930, KP258012, KP258080. 26_3; KP227517, KP257839, KP257889, KP257999, KP258096. 26_4; KP227412, KP257855, KP257877, KP257985, KP258108. 26_5; KP227406, KP257845, KP257922, KP258015, KP258111.

Viola woosanensis Y. N. Lee and J. Kim

Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Nariryeong; Gil et al. Gil2001 1_1; KP227506, KP257871, KP257896, KP258025, KP258055. 1_2; KP227485, KP257860, KP257912, KP258000, KP258075. 1_3; KP227456, KP257863, KP257897, KP257979, KP258097. 1_4; KP227400, KP257807, KP257947, KP257958, KP258061. 1_5; KP227413, KP257830, KP257919, KP257957, KP258048. 1_6; KP227480, KP257835, KP257890, KP258017, KP258083. 1_7; KP227453, KP257857, KP257915, KP257969, KP258073. 1_8; KP227452, KP257838, KP257878, KP257998, KP258099. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, KBS relay station; Gil et al. Gil2064 3_1; KP227504, KP257814, KP257951, KP257976, KP258058. 3_2; KP227428, KP257870, KP257880, KP257966, KP258110. 3_3; KP227445, KP257843, KP257943, KP257974, KP258107. 3_4; KP227467, KP257822, KP257891, KP257963, KP258039. 3_5; KP227403, KP257865, KP257931, KP258014, KP258049. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong, Anpyeongjeon; Gil et al. Gil2071, Gil2073, Gil2075, Gil2081 6_1; KP227472, KP257847, KP257932, KP257992, KP258109. 7_1; KP227458, KP257849, KP257916, KP258006, KP258032. 8_1; KP227482, KP257853, KP257879, KP257982, KP258047. 8_1_1 (ITS sequence only); KP227507. 8_1_2 (ITS sequence only); KP227492. 8_1_3 (ITS sequence only); KP227505. 8_1_4 (ITS sequence only); KP227438. 8_1_5 (ITS sequence only); KP227430. 8_1_6 (ITS sequence only); KP227502. 8_1_7 (ITS sequence only); KP227415. 8_1_8 (ITS sequence only); KP227457. 9_1; KP227432, KP257833, KP257883, KP257975, KP258084. 10_1; KP227465, KP257825, KP257899, KP258031, KP258106. 14_1; KP227420, KP257856, KP257940, KP257961, KP258057. 14_2; KP227490, KP257844, KP257946, KP257990, KP258046. 14_3; KP227411, KP257824, KP257924, KP258004, KP258053. 14_4; KP227462, KP257858, KP257921, KP257960, KP258094. 14_5; KP227423, KP257834, KP257876, KP258021, KP258059. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Mt. Seonginbong; Gil et al. Gil2084 16_1; KP227476, KP257869, KP257875, KP258028, KP258042. 16_2; KP227404, KP257836, KP257914, KP257996, KP258050. 17_1; KP227493, KP257831, KP257937, KP257955, KP258064. 17_2; KP227468, KP257854, KP257918, KP257995, KP258070. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Jeo-dong; Gil et al. Gil2091, Gil2093, Gil2095, Gil2099 18_1; KP227487, KP257862, KP257934, KP258016, KP258038. 19_1; KP227399, KP257808, KP257900, KP257984, KP258041. 20_1; KP227478, KP257819, KP257904, KP257997, KP258087. 20_1_1 (ITS sequence only); KP227510. 20_1_2 (ITS sequence only); KP227408. 20_1_3 (ITS sequence only); KP227508. 20_1_5 (ITS sequence only); KP227437. 20_1_6 (ITS sequence only); KP227459. 20_1_7 (ITS sequence only); KP227481. 20_1_8 (ITS sequence only); KP227398. 20_1_9 (ITS sequence only); KP227444. 21_1; KP227434, KP257837, KP257903, KP258013, KP258082. 22_1; KP227509, KP257823, KP257950, KP257956, KP258037. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Seokpo; Gil et al. Gil2118 26_1; KP227433, KP257820, KP257888, KP257968, KP258069. 26_2; KP227460, KP257846, KP257933, KP258001, KP258078. Korea, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Ulleung-gun, Hyeongjebong; Gil et al. Gil2357 27_1; KP227497, -, KP257917, KP257954, KP258093. 27_2; KP227488, KP257816, KP257885, KP258029, KP258101.

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Gil, HY., Kim, SC. Viola woosanensis, a recurrent spontaneous hybrid between V. ulleungdoensis and V. chaerophylloides (Violaceae) endemic to Ulleung Island, Korea. J Plant Res 129, 807–822 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-016-0830-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-016-0830-3

Keywords

  • Oceanic island
  • Reticulation
  • Ulleung Island
  • Unidirectional hybridization
  • Viola woosanensis
  • Violaceae