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Breakdown of distyly in a tetraploid variety of Ophiorrhiza japonica (Rubiaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis

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Abstract

We examined the floral morph of tetraploid Ophiorrhiza japonica Blume var. amamiana Hatus. and diploid O. japonica var. japonica to elucidate the association of distyly and ploidy levels. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny was reconstructed to determine the number of tetraploidization events and floral morph shifts in O. japonica. All individuals of O. japonica var. amamiana proved to be long-homostylous, whereas O. japonica var. japonica was distylous with typical long- and short-styled flowers. Distyly is related to the ploidy level. The bagging treatment of flowers indicated that O. japonica var. amamiana is self-compatible and potentially automatically self-pollinating. In cpDNA sequencing analysis, no haplotype was shared between the two varieties. The cpDNA haplotype network displayed the monophyly of O. japonica var. amamiana, suggesting a single origin of this variety. Hence, both tetraploidization and the breakdown of distyly to homostyly in O. japonica var. amamiana likely occurred just once. Because O. japonica var. amamiana having the morphological and cytological entity is recognized as a single lineage and clearly separated from O. japonica var. japonica, this variety can be considered to be a distinct species. We therefore propose to raise O. japonica var. amamiana to the rank of species.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Drs. G. Ishida, H. Kamiaka, S. Kobayashi, G. Kokubugata, N. Kurosaki, T. Kosaka, K. Matsubara, S. Matsumura, K. Oginuma, H. Sudo, M. Tabata, M. Takamiya, Y. Tateishi, N. Wakita, and H. Yamashita for providing plant materials and facilities in their herbaria. This study was supported in part by a Research Fellowship for Young Scientists from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) to K.N., a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (no. 17570083) to M.Y., and a grant for the 21st Century COE program of the University of the Ryukyus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan

    Koh Nakamura

  2. Laboratory of Ecology and Systematics, Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan

    Koh Nakamura, Tetsuo Denda & Masatsugu Yokota

  3. Kaiho Senior High School, Arakawa 646, Haebaru, Okinawa, 901-1105, Japan

    Osamu Kameshima

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  1. Koh Nakamura
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Correspondence to Koh Nakamura.

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Nakamura, K., Denda, T., Kameshima, O. et al. Breakdown of distyly in a tetraploid variety of Ophiorrhiza japonica (Rubiaceae) and its phylogenetic analysis. J Plant Res 120, 501–509 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-007-0089-9

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