Abstract
In this paper we review recent developments on a bootstrap method for robust estimators which is computationally faster and more resistant to outliers than the classical bootstrap. This fast and robust bootstrap method is, under reasonable regularity conditions, asymptotically consistent. We describe the method in general and then consider its application to perform inference based on robust estimators for the linear regression and multivariate location-scatter models. In particular, we study confidence and prediction intervals and tests of hypotheses for linear regression models, inference for location-scatter parameters and principal components, and classification error estimation for discriminant analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adrover J, Salibian-Barrera M, Zamar R (2004) Globally robust inference for the location and simple linear regression models. J Statist Plann Inf 119:353–375
Beaton AE, Tukey JW (1974) The fitting of power series, meaning polynomials, illustrated on band-spectroscopic data. Technometrics 16:147–185
Beran R, Srivastava MS (1985) Bootstrap tests and confidence regions for functions of a covariance matrix. Ann Statist 13:95–115
Bickel PJ, Freedman DA (1981) Some asymptotic theory for the bootstrap. Ann Statist 9:1196–1217
Campbell NA (1980) Robust procedures in multivariate analysis: robust covariance estimation. Appl Statist 29:231–237
Carroll RJ (1978) On almost sure expansions for M-estimates. Ann Statist 6:314–318
Carroll RJ (1979) On estimating variances of robust estimators when the errors are asymmetric. J Am Statist Assoc 74:674–679
Carroll RJ, Welsh AH (1988) A note on asymmetry and robustness in linear regression. Am Statist 42:285–287
Croux C, Dehon C (2001) Robust linear discriminant analysis using S-estimators. Can J Statist 29:473–492
Croux C, Dhaene G, Hoorelbeke D, (2003) Robust standard errors for robust estimators. Research report, Dept. of Applied Economics, K.U. Leuven
Croux C, Haesbroeck G (2000) Principal components analysis based on robust estimators of the covariance or correlation matrix: influence functions and efficiencies. Biometrika 87:603–618
Davies PL (1987) Asymptotic behavior of S-estimates of multivariate location parameters and dispersion matrices. Ann Statist 15:1269–1292
Davies PL (1990) The asymptotics of S-estimators in the linear regression model. Ann Statist 18:1651–1675
Davison AC, Hinkley DV (1997) Bootstrap methods and their application. Cambridge Series in Statistical and Probabilistic Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Daudin JJ, Duby C, Trecourt P (1988) Stability of principal component analysis studied by the bootstrap method. Statist 19:241–258
Devlin SJ, Gnanadesikan R, Kettenring JR (1981) Robust estimation of dispersion matrices and principal components. J Am Statist Assoc 76:354–362
Diaconis P, Efron B (1983) Computer-intensive methods in statistics. Sci Am 248:96–108
Efron B (1979) Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. Ann Statist 7:1–26
Efron B (1983) Estimating the error rate of a prediction rule: some improvements on cross-validation. J Am Statist Assoc 78:316–331
Fisher NI, Hall P (1990) On bootstrap hypothesis testing. Aust J Statist 32:177–190
Flury B, Riedwyl H (1988) Multivariate Statistics: A practical approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Freedman DA (1981) Bootstrapping regression models. Ann Statist 9:1218–1228
Habbema JDF, Hermans J, Van den Broeck K (1974) A stepwise discriminant analysis program using density estimation. In: Bruckmann G, Ferschl F, Schmetterer L (eds) Proceedings in computational statistics. Physica-Verlag, Vienna, pp 101–110
Hall P, Wilson SR (1991) Two guidelines for bootstrap hypothesis testing. Biometrics 47:757–762
Hawkins DM, McLachlan GJ (1997) High breakdown linear discriminant analysis. J Am Statist Assoc 92:136–143
He X, Fung WK (2000) High breakdown estimation for multiple populations with applications to discriminant analysis. J Multivar Anal 72:151–162
Huber PJ (1981) Robust statistics. Wiley, New York
Hubert M, Van Driessen K (2004) Fast and robust discriminant analysis. Computat Statist Data Anal 45:301–320
Krasker WS, Welsch RE (1982) Efficient bounded influence regression estimation. J Am Statist Assoc 77:595–604
Lopuhaä H (1989) On the relation between S-estimators and M-estimators of multivariate location and covariance. Ann Statist 17:1662–1683
Lopuhaä H (1992) Multivariate tau-estimators. Can J Statist 19:307–321
Markatou M, Stahel W, Ronchetti E (1991) Robust M-type testing procedures for linear models. In: Directions in robust statistics and diagnostics, Part I, pp 201–220, IMA Vol. Math. Appl. 33, Springer, New York
Maronna RA (1976) Robust M-estimators of multivariate location and scatter. Ann Statist 4:51–67
Omelka M, Salibian-Barrera M (2006) Uniform asymptotics for S- and MM-regression estimators. Unpublished manuscript. Available on-line at http://hajek.stat.ubc.ca/~matias/pubs.html
Randles RH, Broffitt JD, Ramsberg JS, Hogg RV (1978) Generalized linear and quadratic discriminant functions using robust estimators. J Am Statist Assoc 73:564–568
Rocke DM, Downs GW (1981) Estimating the variances of robust estimators of location: influence curve, jackknife and bootstrap. Commun Statist Part B – Simul Computat 10:221–248
Rousseeuw PJ, Leroy AM (1987) Robust regression and outlier detection. Wiley, New York
Rousseeuw PJ, Molenberghs G (1993) Transformation of non positive semidefinite correlation matrices. Commun Statist Part A – Theory and Methods 22:965–984
Rousseeuw PJ, Van Aelst S, Van Driessen K, Agullo J (2004) Robust multivariate regression. Technometrics 46:293–305
Rousseeuw PJ, Yohai VJ (1984) Robust regression by means of S-estimators. In: Robust and nonlinear time series. Franke J, Hardle W, Martin D, (eds) Lecture Notes in Statist., vol 26. Springer, Berlin, pp 256–272
Salibian-Barrera M (2000) Contributions to the theory of robust Inference. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. University of British Columbia, Department of Statistics, Vancouver, BC. Available on-line at ftp://ftp.stat.ubc.ca/pub/matias/Thesis
Salibian-Barrera M (2005) Estimating the p-values of robust tests for the linear model. J Statist Plann Inf 128:241–257
Salibian-Barrera M (2006a) The asymptotics of MM-estimators for linear regression with fixed designs. Metrika 63:283–294
Salibian-Barrera M (2006b) Bootstrapping MM-estimators for linear regression with fixed designs. Statist Probab Lett 76:1287–1297
Salibian-Barrera M, Van Aelst S, Willems G (2006) PCA based on multivariate MM-estimators with fast and robust bootstrap. J Am Statist Assoc 101:1198–1211
Salibian-Barrera M, Yohai V (2006) A fast algorithm for S-regression estimates. J Comput Graph Statist 15:414–427
Salibian-Barrera M, Zamar RH (2002) Bootstrapping robust estimates of regression. Ann Statist 30:556–582
Singh K (1998) Breakdown theory for bootstrap quantiles. Ann Statist 26:1719–1732
Stromberg AJ (1997) Robust covariance estimates based on resampling. J Statist Plann Inf 57: 321–334
Tatsuoka KS, Tyler DE (2000) The uniqueness of S and M-functionals under non-elliptical distributions. Ann Statist 28:1219–1243
Van Aelst S, Willems G (2004) Multivariate regression S-estimators for robust estimation and inference. Technical report, available at http://users.ugent.be/~svaelst/publications.html
Van Aelst S, Willems G (2005) Multivariate regression S-estimators for robust estimation and inference. Statist Sinica 15:981–1001
Yohai VJ (1987) High breakdown-point and high efficiency robust estimates for regression. Ann Statist 15:642–656
Yohai VJ, Zamar RH (1988) High breakdown-point estimates of regression by means of the minimization of an efficient scale. J Am Statist Assoc 83:406–413
Yohai VJ, Zamar RH (1998) Optimal locally robust M-estimates of regression. J Statist Plann Inf 64:309–323
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Salibián-Barrera, M., Van Aelst, S. & Willems, G. Fast and robust bootstrap. Stat. Meth. & Appl. 17, 41–71 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-007-0048-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-007-0048-6