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The current state of MiRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic tools

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Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with a length of 18–22 nucleotides that regulate about a third of the human genome at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell differentiation, but also play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Most miRNAs are expressed within the cells themselves. Due to various forms of transport from cells like exosomes, circulating miRNAs are stable and can be found in human body fluids, such as blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine. Circulating miRNAs are of great interest as potential noninvasive biomarkers for tumors, lipid disorders, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. However, the possibility of their use in the clinic is limited, and this is associated with a number of problems since currently there are significant differences between the procedures for processing samples, methods of analysis, and especially strategies for standardizing results. Moreover, miRNAs can represent not only potential biomarkers but also become new therapeutic agents and be used in modern clinical practice, which again confirms the need for their study.

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Funding

This study was funded by Grant of the Republic of Bashkortostan to young scientists of February 7, 2020 No. CD-43.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, 150001

    Guang Yang, Jinxian Sun, Huaizhang Shi & Shiguang Zhao

  2. Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China

    Guang Yang, Jinxian Sun, Huaizhang Shi & Shiguang Zhao

  3. Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

    Ilgiz Gareev, Ozal Beylerli & Valentin Pavlov

  4. Regional Clinical Oncology Center, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia

    Adel Izmailov

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  1. Ilgiz Gareev
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Contributions

IG, OB, and GY contributed to conception and design. VP, AI, and JS helped in the acquisition of data. IG and OB performed analysis and interpretation of data. IG drafted the article. GY and VP critically revised the article. SZsupervised the study and approved the final version of the manuscript on behalf of all authors.

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Correspondence to Shiguang Zhao.

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Gareev, I., Beylerli, O., Yang, G. et al. The current state of MiRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic tools. Clin Exp Med 20, 349–359 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00627-2

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