Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has recently been documented in hypothyroidism, a disease more prevalent in women. In general, OS is reported to be more prevalent in males. However, the effect of gender on OS and protein glycation in hypothyroidism has not been addressed. Blood samples from 37 recently diagnosed primary hypothyroid patients were collected before initiation of thyroxine therapy. Serum glucose, thyroid and lipid profiles were estimated. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation (PCO) and fructosamine levels were analysed. GSH was found to be lower, whereas MDA, fructosamine and PCO levels were higher in male than in female patients. Level of MDA was significantly correlated with fructosamine, protein carbonyls, cholesterol, low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride and GSH in hypothyroid patients. We found OS to be more prevalent in male hypothyroid patients. The positive association of MDA with fructosamine indicates that enhanced lipid peroxidation could be a plausible contributor for accelerated glycation of protein. Considering the negative influence of OS on health, extra attention should be paid to male hypothyroid patients in spite of the low prevalence of this disease in them.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yen PM (2001) Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev 81:1097–1142
Bianchi G, Solaroli E, Zaccheroni V et al (1999) Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant metabolites in patients with hyperthyroidism: effect of treatment. Horm Metab Res 31:620–624
Sarandol E, Tas S, Dirican M, Serdar Z (2005) Oxidative stress and serum paraoxonase activity in experimental hypothyroidism: effect of vitamin E supplementation. Cell Biochem Funct 23:1–8
Yilmaz S, Ozan S, Benzer F, Canatan H (2003) Oxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism. Cell Biochem Funct 21:325–330
Baskol G, Atmaca H, Tanriverdi F et al (2007) Oxidative stress and enzymatic antioxidant status in patients with hypothyroidism before and after treatment. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 115:522–526
Tenorio-Velázquez VM, Barrera D, Franco M et al (2005) Hypothyroidism attenuates protein tyrosine nitration, oxidative stress and renal damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion: effect unrelated to antioxidant enzymes activities. BMC Nephrol 6:12
Sener G, Sehirli O, Velioglu-Ogunc A et al (2006) Propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism alleviates burn-induced multiple organ injury. Burns 32:728–736
Rastogi L, Godbole MM, Ray M et al (2006) Reduction in oxidative stress and cell death explains hypothyroidism induced neuroprotection subsequent to ischemia/reperfusion insult. Exp Neurol 200:290–300
Nivedita N, Zachariah B, Abdoul H et al (2007) Association between oxidative stress and coronary lipid risk factors in hypothyroid women is independent of body mass index. Metabolism 56:1350–1355
Taddei S, Caraccio N, Virdis A et al (2006) Low-grade systemic inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:5076–5082
Taddei S, Caraccio N, Virdis A et al (2003) Impaired endothelium dependent vasodilation in subclinical hypothyroidism: beneficial effect of levothyroxine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3731–3737
Reusch CE, Gerber B, Boretti FS (2002) Serum fructosamine concentrations in dogs with hypothyroidism. Vet Res Commun 26:531–536
Sako Y, Umeda F, Hashimoto T et al (1989) Serum fructosamine in assessment of diabetic control and relation to thyroid function. Horm Metab Res 21:669–672
Cirillo R, Balzano S, Cossu E et al (1988) The effect of altered thyroid function on serum fructosamine concentrations. Clin Biochem 21:179–181
Hara H, Ban Y, Taniyama M et al (1990) The significance of serum fructosamine measurement in patients with thyroid diseases. Nippon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi 66:1075–1084
Cohen MP, Shea E, Chen S, Shearman CW (2003) Glycated albumin increases oxidative stress, activates NF-kB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and stimulates ERK-dependent transforming growth factor-b1 production in macrophage RAW cells. J Lab Clin Med 141:242–249
Li N, Karin M (1999) Is NF-kB the sensor of oxidative stress? FASEB J 13:1137–1143
Sutken E, Inal M, Ozdemir F (2006) Effects of vitamin E and gemfibrozil on lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in the elderly and young hyperlipidemic subjects. Saudi Med J 27:453–459
Buettner GR (1993) The packing order of free radicals and antioxidants: lipid peroxidation, α-tocopherol and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys 300:535–543
Porter NA (1984) Chemistry of lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 105:273–282
Ren J (2007) Influence of gender on oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, protein damage and apoptosis in hearts and brains from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:432
Bayr H, Marion DW, Puccio AM et al (2004) Marked gender effect on lipid peroxidation after severe traumatic brain injury in adult patients. J Neurotrauma 21:1–8
Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499–502
Fairbanks VF, Klee GG (1999) Biochemical aspects of hematology. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (eds) Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 3rd Edn. Saunders Publications, Washington, p 1653
Wendel A (1981) Glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 105:325–333
Habig WM (1947) Glutathione S transferase. J Biol Chem 249:7130–7139
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126
Reznick AZ, Packer L (1994) Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol 233:357–363
Satoh K (1978) Serum lipid peroxide in cardiovascular disease, determined by a new colorimetric method. Clin Chim Acta 90:37–43
Sacks DB (2006) Carbohydrates. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER (eds) Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 4th Edn. Saunders Publications, Washington, p 884
Lapolla A, Traldi P, Fedele D (2005) Importance of measuring products of non enzymatic glycation of proteins. Clin Biochem 38:103–115
Jain SK, Palmer M (1997) The effect of oxygen radicals metabolites and vitamin E on glycosylation of proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 22:593–596
Huby R, Harding JJ (1998) Non enzymic glycosylation (glycation) of lens proteins by galactose and protection by aspirin and reduced glutathione. Exp Eye Res 47:53–59
Sathiyapriya V, Bobby Z, Vinod Kumar S et al (2006) Evidence for the role of lipid peroxides on glycation of hemoglobin and plasma proteins in non-diabetic asthma patients. Clin Chim Acta 366:299–303
Sabter J, Quereda C, Herra I et al (1991) Nonenzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin and total plasma proteins in end stage renal disease. Am J Nephrol 11:37–43
Baynes JW (1991) Role of oxidative stress in development of complications in diabetes. Diabetes 40:405–412
Radar DJ, Hobbs HH (2005) Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS et al (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, Vol II, 16th Edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 2294
Sarkar M, Varshney R, Chopra M et al (2005) Flow cytometric analysis of reactive oxygen species in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with thyroid dysfunction. Cytometry Part B (Clin Cytometry) 70:20–23
Ohara Y, Peterson TE, Harrison DG (1993) Hypercholesterolemia increases endothelial superoxide anion production. J Clin Invest 91:2546–2551
Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D et al (2003) Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clin Chim Acta 329:23–38
Strachan MWJ, Walker BR (2006) Endocrine disease. In: Boon NA, College NR, Walker BR (eds) Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine, 20th Edn. Churchill-Livingstone-Elsevier, Edinburgh, p 750
Radar DJ, Hobbs HH (2005) Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. In: Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci A et al (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, Vol II, 16th Edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 2294
Dardano A, Ghiadoni L, Plantinga Y et al (2006) Recombinant human TSH reduces endothelial-dependent vasodilation in patients monitored for differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4175–4178
Radar DJ, Hobbs HH (2005) Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. In: Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci A et al (eds) Harrison’s principles of internal medicine, Vol II, 16th Edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 2110–2112
Mishkel MA, Crowher SM (1977) Hypothyroidism an important cause of reversible hyperlipidemia. Clin Chim Acta 74:139–151
O’Brien T, Dinneen SF, O’Brien PC, Palumbo PJ (1993) Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Mayo Clin Proc 68:860–866
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nanda, N., Bobby, Z. & Hamide, A. Oxidative stress and protein glycation in primary hypothyroidism. Male/female difference. Clin. Exper.Med. 8, 101–108 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-008-0164-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-008-0164-0