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Impact of calcific aortic valve disease on valve mechanics

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Abstract

The aortic valve is a highly dynamic structure characterized by a transvalvular flow that is unsteady, pulsatile, and characterized by episodes of forward and reverse flow patterns. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) resulting in compromised valve function and increased pressure overload on the ventricle potentially leading to heart failure if untreated, is the most predominant valve disease. CAVD is a multi-factorial disease involving molecular, tissue and mechanical interactions. In this review, we aim at recapitulating the biomechanical loads on the aortic valve, summarizing the current and most recent research in the field in vitro, in-silico, and in vivo, and offering a clinical perspective on current strategies adopted to mitigate or approach CAVD.

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Abbreviations

TrAV:

Tricuspid aortic valve

TAVR:

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

AS:

Aortic stenosis

WSS:

Wall shear stress

AWSS:

Average wall shear stress

BAV:

Bicuspid aortic valve

CAVD:

Calcific aortic valve disease

VEC:

Valvular endothelial cells

VIC:

Valvular interstitial cells

SMC:

Smooth muscle cells

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

LDV:

Laser doppler velocimetry

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

FSI:

Fluid structure interaction

TPG:

Transvalvular pressure gradient

CT:

Computed tomography

HU:

Hounsfield units

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Hatoum reports having filed a patent application on computational predictive modeling of thrombosis in heart valves and on a Novel Implantable Vascular Shunt with Real-Time Precise Flow Control.

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  1. Biomedical Engineering Department, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA

    Brennan J. Vogl, Nicholas R. Niemi & Hoda Hatoum

  2. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

    Leigh G. Griffiths & Mohamad A. Alkhouli

  3. Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

    Hoda Hatoum

  4. Center of Biocomputing and Digital Health, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

    Hoda Hatoum

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  1. Brennan J. Vogl
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Vogl, B.J., Niemi, N.R., Griffiths, L.G. et al. Impact of calcific aortic valve disease on valve mechanics. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 21, 55–77 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-021-01527-4

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