Fig. 5

At macro-scale: a schematic image of a flow perfusion bioreactor system (Zermatten et al. 2014; Vetsch et al. 2017), b fluid domain of the bioreactor system, which includes free fluid domain (Ωf) and porous media domain (Ωp); at micro-scale: fluid domains and boundary conditions of the micro-CFD model for calculating WSS within one example RVE