Abstract
Landfast ice is near-motionless sea ice attached to the coast. Despite its potential for modifying sea ice and ocean properties, most state-of-the-art sea ice models poorly represent landfast ice. Here, we examine two crucial processes responsible for the formation and stabilization of landfast ice, namely sea ice tensile strength and seabed–ice keel interactions. We investigate the impact of these processes on the Arctic sea ice cover and halocline layer using the global coupled ocean–sea ice model NEMO-LIM3. We show that including seabed–ice keel stress improves the seasonality and spatial distribution of the landfast ice cover in the Laptev and East Siberian Seas. This improved landfast ice representation sets the position of flaw polynyas to new locations approximately above the continental shelf break. The impact of sea ice tensile strength on the stability of the Arctic halocline layer is far more effective. Incorporating this process in the model yields a thicker, more consolidated, and less mobile Arctic sea ice pack that further decouples the ocean and atmosphere. As a result, the available potential energy of the Arctic halocline is decreased (increased) by \(\sim \)30kJ/m\(^2\) (\(\sim \)30kJ/m\(^2\)) in the Amerasian (Eurasian) compared to the reference simulation excluding sea ice tensile strength and seabed–ice keel stress. Our findings highlight the need to better understand landfast ice physical processes conjointly with the subsequent influences on the ocean and sea ice states.
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Data and code availability
The sea ice velocity and concentration observations are distributed by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) (https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0116 and http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0051, respectively). In addition, the NSIDC distributes the National Ice Center (NIC) sea ice charts for the period 1980–2007 in gridded format (https://nsidc.org/data/G02172/versions/1). The extension of this product from 2008 to 2015 by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) is available upon request. The sea ice thickness from the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) can be accessed at http://psc.apl.washington.edu/zhang/IDAO/data_piomas.html. The Polar science center Hydrographic Climatology (PHC) in version 3.0 can be retrieved at http://psc.apl.washington.edu/nonwp_projects/PHC/Climatology.html. The four model runs examined in this study and the NEMO-LIM3 code used to generate them are available upon request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Alain Caya from Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) for providing the extended landfast ice observations (2008–2015) derived from the National Ice Center (NIC) sea ice charts. In addition, the research leading to these results has received funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 APPLICATE (GA 727862) and PRIMAVERA (GA 641727) projects. Computational resources have been provided by the supercomputing facilities of the Université catholique de Louvain (CISM/UCLouvain) and the Consortium des équipements de Calcul Intensif en Fédération Wallonie Bruxelles (CÉCI) funded by the F.R.S.-FNRS under convention 2.5020.11.
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Conceptualization: Jean Sterlin, Tim Orval, Thierry Fichefet; Methodology: Jean Sterlin, Jean-François Lemieux, Clément Rousset, Jonathan Raulier; Formal analysis and investigation: Jean Sterlin, Tim Orval, Thierry Fichefet, François Massonnet; Writing - original draft preparation: Jean Sterlin, Tim Orval, Thierry Fichefet, François Massonnet, Jean-François Lemieux, Clement Rousset, Jonathan Raulier; Writing - review and editing: To be determined; Funding acquisition: Thierry Fichefet, Francois Massonnet; Supervision: Thierry Fichefet, Francois Massonnet;
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Sterlin, J., Orval, T., Lemieux, JF. et al. Influence of the representation of landfast ice on the simulation of the Arctic sea ice and Arctic Ocean halocline. Ocean Dynamics 74, 407–437 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01611-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-024-01611-0