Abstract
During the summer monsoon, the southern Bay of Bengal (BoB) hosts a cyclonic circulation known as Sri Lanka Dome (SLD) and the swift Summer Monsoon Current (SMC), which advects high salinity (> 35 psu) Arabian Sea water into the BoB. This study presents observations of vertical microstructure across SLD and SMC along 8∘ N extending from 85.3∘ E to 88∘ E measured during July 2016. Arabian Sea water was observed across the section as a subsurface high salinity core (HSC) between 50 and 140 m, sandwiched in the ambient fresher and relatively cooler BoB water. Microstructure shear and temperature gradient observations were used to estimate dissipation rates for turbulent kinetic energy (𝜖) and temperature gradient variance (χ). SLD stations showed patches with elevated values of 𝜖 of O(10− 8–10− 7 W kg− 1) and χ of O(10− 7–10− 6 ∘C2 s− 1) below the mixed layer due to shear instabilities. SMC stations showed elevated patches of 𝜖 and χ suggesting turbulent mixing, but also showed patches of χ with concomitant relatively weaker 𝜖 patches, which suggest mixing due to salt fingering. Below 50 m, turbulent heat fluxes were between 0.1 and 1 W m− 2 at SMC and between 0.01 and 0.1 W m− 2 at SLD. Turbulent salt fluxes were of O(10− 8–10− 7 kg m− 2 s− 1) within HSC. Salt fluxes were in the upward direction from the upper part of HSC and downward from the lower part due to opposing salinity gradients at the top and bottom of HSC. The magnitudes of subsurface salt fluxes were 0.5–1 order smaller at SLD and upward in direction. This study suggests that turbulent and salt fingering processes, constantly encountered across the SMC, transport salt in the subsurface layers below the mixed layer and contribute to the salt balance of the BoB.
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Data availability
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Satellite datasets to study near surface features were obtained as follows. For surface currents, we used Ocean Surface Currents Analyses Real Time (OSCAR) datasets (https://podaac-tools.jpl.nasa.gov/drive/files/allData/oscar/preview/L4/oscar_third_deg). Sea surface salinity (SSS) derived from Soil Moisture Active Passive satellite (SMAP) (https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/datasetlist?search=JPLSMAPSSSV50). SSHA data were obtained from a multimission altimeter satellite provided by Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S; https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/satellite-sea-level-global?tab=form).
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Acknowledgements
BoBBLE is a joint MoES, India-NERC, U.K. program. The BoBBLE field program on board the R/V Sindhu Sadhana was funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, government of India, under its Monsoon Mission program administered by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. PNV acknowledges partial financial support from the J C Bose fellowship provided by SERB, DST, Govt. of India.
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Nayak, A.A., N., V.P. & George, J.V. Turbulent dissipation rates across the Summer Monsoon Current. Ocean Dynamics 72, 695–714 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-022-01524-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-022-01524-w