Abstract
An upwelling system exists in the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea (NSCS), a region that is frequently affected by tropical cyclones in summer. This study investigates the evolution of the NSCS monsoon-driven upwelling system and the effects of the Talim and Doksuri tropical cyclones on the system using in situ observational data obtained at three mooring stations, one land-based meteorological station, and concurrent satellite remote sensing data for the NSCS coastal waters from May to July 2012. The results show that the occurrence and evolution of the upwelling system were mainly controlled by the Asian southwest monsoon, while the eastward current also made important contributions to the upwelling intensity. A decrease in the bottom water temperature and shifts in the along-shore and cross-shore currents were direct evidence of the establishment, existence, and recovery of this upwelling. Tropical cyclones have significant impacts on hydrodynamics and can thus influence the evolution of the NSCS upwelling system by changing the local wind and current fields. Variations in water level and local current systems impeded the development of upwelling during tropical cyclones Talim and Doksuri in the study area, which have low-frequency fluctuations of approximately 2–10 days. These variations were the results of the coupled interactions between local wind fields, coastal trapped waves, and other factors. The hydrodynamic environment of the marine water (including coastal upwelling system) rapidly recovered to normal sea conditions after each cyclone passed due to the relatively short duration of the impact of a tropical cyclone on the dynamic environment of the waters.
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Acknowledgments
We thank all of the investigators for their help in collecting data during the observations. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant nos. 41676028, 41276059), the Scientific Research Foundation of the Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA (Grant nos. TIO2014016, TIO2013026) and the National Programme on Global Change and Air-Sea Interaction (No. GASI-GEOGE-03). This manuscript benefited from comments by the editor and two anonymous reviewers.
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Zheng, B., Li, Y., Li, J. et al. Impact of tropical cyclones on the evolution of the monsoon-driven upwelling system in the coastal waters of the northern South China Sea. Ocean Dynamics 68, 223–237 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1126-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-017-1126-4