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Variations in turbulent kinetic energy at a point source submarine groundwater discharge in a reef lagoon

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Abstract

The influence of sea level variations due to tides and wave setup on turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was observed at a point source submarine groundwater discharge in a fringing coral reef lagoon. Tidal and wave setup variations modulated speed, TKE, TKE dissipation, and water temperature and salinity at the buoyant jet. The primary driver of jet TKE and speed variations was tides, while wave setup was a minor contributor. An inverse relationship between surface elevation and TKE was explained with an exponential equation based on sea level variations. During low tides, peak jet speeds (up to 0.3 m s−1) and TKE per unit mass (up to 0.4 m2 s−2) were observed. As high tide approached, the jet produced minimum TKE of ~0.003 m2 s−2 and TKE dissipation ranged from 2 to 8×10−4 m2 s−3. This demonstrated the sensitivity of the jet discharge to tides despite the small tidal range (<20 cm). Jet temperatures and salinities displayed semidiurnal oscillations with minimum salinity and temperature values during maximum discharge. Jet salinities increased throughout low tides while temperatures decreased. This pattern suggested the jet conduit was connected to a stratified cavity within the aquifer containing cool fresh water over cool salty water. As low tides progressed, jet outflow increased in salinity because of the mixing within the conduit, while lower jet temperatures suggested water coming from further or deeper in the aquifer. The presence of such a cavity has been recently confirmed by divers.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Edgar Escalante, Francisco Ruiz, and Roberto Iglesias from the Puerto Morelos station of the Instituto de Ciencias de Mar y Limnología of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México for providing bathymetric and meteorological data and for the support received during fieldwork and Emanuel Sanchez for the support in field work. SMP gratefully acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation’s Bridge to the Doctorate program. This research was funded by National Science Foundation projects OCE-0825876 & OCE-1325227 and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México project #84847.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Coastal Engineering Department, University of Florida, Weil Hall 365, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Sabrina M. Parra & Arnoldo Valle-Levinson

  2. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Mérida, Recursos del Mar, Km. 6 Antigua carretera a progreso, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Ismael Mariño-Tapia

  3. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Sisal, Puerto de Abrigo, S/N, 97356, Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico

    Cecilia Enriquez

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  1. Sabrina M. Parra
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  4. Arnoldo Valle-Levinson
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Correspondence to Sabrina M. Parra.

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Responsible Editor: Bob Chant

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas 2012

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Parra, S.M., Mariño-Tapia, I., Enriquez, C. et al. Variations in turbulent kinetic energy at a point source submarine groundwater discharge in a reef lagoon. Ocean Dynamics 64, 1601–1614 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-014-0765-y

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