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Chemometrics in Ascertaining Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Coal Mine Discharge vis-à-vis Behaviour of Surface and Groundwater Resources of the Mahan River Catchment Area, Central India

Chemometrische Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung der hydrogeochemischen Merkmale von Grubenwässern aus dem Kohlenbergbau im Verhältnis zum Verhalten der Oberflächen- und Grundwasserressourcen im Einzugsgebiet des Mahan-Flusses in Zentralindien

La quimiometría en la determinación de las características hidrogeoquímicas del vertido de las minas de carbón frente al comportamiento de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos de la zona de captación del río Mahan, en la India central

针对印度中部马汉河流域地表水和地下水行为采用化学统计方法确定煤矿排放废水的水文地球化学特征

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Abstract

We investigated the hydrogeochemical regime of an AMD-affected coal mining province. 98 water samples were collected over two seasons and analysed for 14 parameters. We attempted to discriminate the sources of variation of water quality using select multivariate techniques: display methods (principal component analysis) and unsupervised pattern recognition (cluster analysis). Most of the groundwater and river water were characterised by shallow freshwater facies (Ca–Mg–HCO3 type), whereas the samples representative of mine water were of the Ca–Mg–SO4 type. The mines of the area annually discharge 2901 t of solute loads, ranging from 91 to 1030 t/year. Various molar ratios suggest that dissolution of the silicates associated with the mixing process is the predominant solute acquisition processes that govern the water chemistry of the region besides AMD. The chemometric results indicated that only a few groundwater and river water samples had low pH and elevated total dissolved solids, and these were near the three mines that were affected by AMD. These results substantiate the effectiveness of the mine water treatment measures implemented at the mine sites.

Zusammenfassung

Die hydrogeochemischen Verhältnisse in einem von AMD betroffenen Kohlebergbaurevier wurden untersucht. 98 Wasserproben wurden in zwei Jahreszeiten entnommen und auf 14 Parameter analysiert. Mit Hilfe ausgewählter multivariater Techniken, wie der Anzeigemethode (Hauptkomponentenanalyse) und der unüberwachten Mustererkennung (Clusteranalyse) wurde versucht, die Ursachen für die Schwankungen der Wasserqualität zu erkennen. Die meisten Grund- und Oberflächenwässer waren durch flache Süßwasserfazies (Ca-Mg-HCO3-Typ) gekennzeichnet, während die für das Grubenwasser repräsentativen Proben dem Ca-Mg-SO4-Typ angehören. Die Bergwerke in diesem Revier leiten jährlich 2901 t gelöste Stoffe ein, wobei die Mengen der Einzelbetriebe zwischen 91 und 1030 t/Jahr liegen. Verschiedene Molverhältnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Auflösung der Silikate in Verbindung mit dem Vermischungsprozess die vorherrschenden Prozesse zur Aufnahme von gelösten Stoffen sind, die die Wasserchemie der Region neben der AMD bestimmen. Die chemometrischen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass nur wenige Grund- und Oberflächenwasserproben in der Nähe der drei von AMD betroffenen Bergwerken einen niedrigen pH-Wert und eine erhöhte Gesamtmenge an gelösten Stoffen aufweisen. Diese Ergebnisse belegen die Wirksamkeit der an den Bergbaustandorten eingeführten Maßnahmen zur Grubenwasserbehandlung.

Resumen

Se investigó el régimen hidrogeoquímico de una provincia minera de carbón afectada por la AMD. Se recogieron 98 muestras de agua durante dos temporadas y se analizaron 14 parámetros. Se intentó discriminar las fuentes de variación de la calidad del agua mediante técnicas multivariantes seleccionadas: métodos de visualización (análisis de componentes principales) y reconocimiento de patrones no supervisado (análisis de conglomerados). La mayoría de las aguas subterráneas y fluviales se caracterizaban por ser cuepos de agua dulce poco profunda (tipo Ca-Mg-HCO3), mientras que las muestras representativas del agua de las minas eran del tipo Ca-Mg-SO4. Las minas de la zona vierten anualmente 2901 t de cargas de solutos, que oscilan entre 91 y 1030 t/año. Varias relaciones molares sugieren que la disolución de los silicatos asociada al proceso de mezcla es el proceso predominante de adquisición de solutos que gobierna la química del agua de la región, además de la DAM. Los resultados quimiométricos indicaron que sólo unas pocas muestras de agua subterránea y de río presentaban un pH bajo y un total de sólidos disueltos elevado, y que éstas se encontraban cerca de las tres minas afectadas por el DAM. Estos resultados corroboran la eficacia de las medidas de tratamiento del agua de las minas aplicadas en ellas.

抽象的

研究了一个为酸性矿山废水影响的煤炭矿区的水文地球化学状态。在两个季节共采集98个水样, 分析了14个参数。利用高级多元统计方法判别水质变化的根源: 显示性方法(主成分分析)和无监督的模式识别(聚类分析)。多数地下水与河水以浅水相(Ca-Mg-HCO3型)为特征, 而代表性矿井水为Ca-Mg-SO4型。区内矿井 (山) 每年排放2901吨溶质负荷, 各矿每年排放量91吨到1030吨/年不等。不同的摩尔比表明, 除酸性矿井 (山) 废水 (AMD) 外, 硅酸盐溶解与混合过程相关, 是最主要的溶质获取过程, 控制着矿区水化学特征。化学统计结果表明, 仅几个地下水样与河水样的pH值较低和溶解性总固体 (TDS) 较高, 它们靠近三个受酸性矿山废水 (AMD) 影响的煤矿。研究结果证实了在这些矿井采取矿井水处理措施的有效性。

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Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to the management of CMPDIL, Ranchi, SECL, Bilaspur and AKS University, Satna for the facilities extended towards the publication of this paper. We also thank the CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, for some of the analytical support. The views expressed in this paper are of the authors only and not necessarily of the organizations to which they belong.

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Correspondence to Rambabu Singh.

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Kumar, N., Tiwari, M.K., Singh, R. et al. Chemometrics in Ascertaining Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Coal Mine Discharge vis-à-vis Behaviour of Surface and Groundwater Resources of the Mahan River Catchment Area, Central India. Mine Water Environ 41, 518–532 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-022-00854-x

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