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Water Seepage Mapping in an Underground Coal-Mine Barrier Using Self-potential and Electrical Resistivity Tomography

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Abstract

Seepage of water through an underground coal-mine barrier is a common indicator of a potential hydrogeological hazard. The Jharia coalfield has witnessed several deadly inundation events in different underground mines. The present study deals with the mapping of water seepage through an underground coal-mine barrier of the Jogidih Colliery, Jharia coalfield using self-potential (SP) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Initially, numerical analysis of the SP data was carried out using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA) inversion, which indicated the suitability of both PSO and SA, though the PSO algorithm performed better. ERT analysis of a synthetic model similar to the present underground coal-mine environment was also carried out using Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole–dipole array configurations, which indicated that the dipole–dipole configuration was the most effective. Subsequently, the SP data collected from the underground coal-mine barrier were analyzed using PSO and SA; both designated the presence of seepage within the barrier and provided information concerning its geometry and location. It is argued that these SP anomalies are a direct result of transmutations in the streaming potential produced by preferential drainage through the barrier. Following the SP results, ERT was used for detailed high-resolution imaging of the barrier seepage/leakage drainage. Furthermore, the results obtained from ERT and SP were compared to understand their efficacy in resolving seepage detection complications and result validation. The combined study suggests a cylindrical geometry of seepage from an adjacent sump pit through the coal-mine barrier. Physicochemical analysis of the groundwater in the mining area indicates high sulfate levels.

Resumen

La filtración de agua a través de la barrera de una mina de carbón subterránea es un indicador común de un riesgo hidrogeológico potencial. La cuenca carbonífera de Jharia ha sido testigo de varias inundaciones mortales en diferentes minas subterráneas. El presente estudio trata de la cartografía de la filtración de agua a través de una barrera subterránea de la mina de carbón de Jogidih Colliery, en la cuenca carbonífera de Jharia, utilizando el autopotencial (SP) y la tomografía de resistividad eléctrica (ERT). Inicialmente, el análisis numérico de los datos de SP se llevó a cabo utilizando la optimización por nube de partículas (PSO) y la inversión de recocido simulado (SA), lo que indicó la idoneidad tanto de PSO como de SA aunque el primero tuvo un mejor rendimiento. También se llevó a cabo el análisis de ERT de un modelo sintético similar al entorno actual de la mina de carbón subterránea utilizando configuraciones de Wenner, Schlumberger y dipolo-dipolo, que indicaron que la configuración dipolo-dipolo era la más eficaz. Posteriormente, los datos de SP recogidos en la barrera de la mina de carbón subterránea se analizaron mediante PSO y SA; ambos designaron la presencia de filtraciones dentro de la barrera y proporcionaron información sobre su geometría y ubicación. Se argumenta que estas anomalías de SP son el resultado directo de transmutaciones en el potencial de flujo producidas por el drenaje preferencial a través de la barrera. Tras los resultados de SP, se utilizó la ERT para obtener imágenes detalladas de alta resolución del drenaje de la barrera por infiltración/filtración. Además, se compararon los resultados obtenidos con ERT y SP para comprender su eficacia en la resolución de las complicaciones de la detección de filtraciones y la validación de los resultados. El estudio combinado sugiere una geometría cilíndrica de la filtración desde un pozo adyacente a través de la barrera de la mina de carbón. El análisis fisicoquímico de las aguas subterráneas de la zona minera indica altos niveles de sulfato.

Zusammenfassung

Das Eindringen von Wasser durch eine unterirdische Grubenbarriere ist ein gängiger Indikator für eine potenzielle hydrogeologische Gefahr. Das Jharia-Kohlenfeld war Ort mehrerer tödlicher Überflutungsereignisse in verschiedenen unterirdischen Bergwerken. Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Kartierung von Sickerwasser durch eine unterirdische Grubenbarriere im Bergwerk Jogidih im Jharia-Kohlenrevier unter Verwendung des Eigenpotentials (SP) und der elektrischen Widerstands-Tomographie (ERT). Zunächst wurde eine numerische Analyse der SP-Daten mit Hilfe von Partikelschwarmoptimierung (PSO) und Simulated Annealing (SA) Inversion durchgeführt, die auf die Eignung sowohl von PSO als auch SA hinwies, wobei der PSO-Algorithmus besser abschnitt. Die ERT-Analyse eines synthetischen Modells, das der gegenwärtigen unterirdischen Grubenumgebung ähnelt, wurde auch unter Verwendung von Wenner-, Schlumberger- und Dipol-Dipol-Array-Konfigurationen durchgeführt, wobei sich die Dipol-Dipol-Konfiguration als effektivste erwies. Anschließend wurden die SP-Daten, die von der unterirdischen Grubenbarriere gesammelt wurden, mit PSO und SA analysiert; beide wiesen auf das Vorhandensein von Sickerwasser innerhalb der Barriere hin und lieferten Informationen über deren Geometrie und Lage. Es wird argumentiert, dass diese SP-Anomalien ein direktes Ergebnis von Transmutationen im Strömungspotenzial sind, die durch bevorzugte Drainage durch die Barriere erzeugt werden. Im Anschluss an die SP-Ergebnisse wurde ERT für eine detaillierte, hochauflösende Darstellung der Sicker-/Leckage-Drainage der Barriere verwendet. Darüber hinaus wurden die mit ERT und SP erzielten Ergebnisse verglichen, um ihre Wirksamkeit bei der Lösung von Komplikationen bei der Sickerwassererkennung und der Ergebnisvalidierung zu verstehen. Die kombinierte Studie deutet auf eine zylindrische Geometrie des Sickerwasserpfads aus eines angrenzenden Pumpensumpfs durch die Barriere hin. Die physikochemische Analyse des Grundwassers im Bergbaugebiet weist auf hohe Sulfatwerte hin.

井下保护煤柱渗水是一种常见的矿井水文地质灾害预兆。Jharia煤田的不同矿井曾发生过多次致命淹井事故。利用自然电位(SP)和电阻率层析成像(ERT)绘制出Jharia煤田Jogidih矿的井下保护煤柱渗流图像。首先, 用粒子群优化(PSO)和模拟退火反演(SA)数值分析了自然电位(SP)数据, 显示PSO和SA方法都适用, PSO算法效果更好。利用Wenner、Schlumberger和赤道偶极剖面法对目前煤矿井下环境的综合模型进行了电阻率层析成像 (ERT) 分析, 赤道偶极剖面法效果最好。然后, 利用PSO和SA方法分析了井下保护煤柱的自然电位 (SP) 采集数据, 两种方法都显示保护煤柱内存在渗流, 给出了渗流区的形状和位置信息。认为自然电位 (SP) 异常是优先流穿过煤柱时引起自然电位突变的直接结果。在自然电位 (SP) 结基础上, 用电阻率层析成像 (ERT) 绘制出了更详尽的高分辨率保护煤柱渗流图像。此外, 对比自然电位(SP)和电阻率层析成像(ERT)结果, 进一步理解它们在复杂渗流探测和结果验证方面的有效性。综合研究表明柱状渗流从邻近坑底水仓穿过了保护煤柱。物理化分析显示矿区地下水的硫酸盐含量较高。

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Acknowledgements

We thank the editorial team and all of the distinguished reviewers for their quick, comprehensive review and valuable suggestions for improving the manuscript. We thank the Ministry of Coal, Govt. of India, for funding project MT-173 on “Study of hazards due to mining induced sub-surface cavities and waterlogged areas in inaccessible old workings in underground coal mines using geophysical technique”, the Dept. of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India, for funding project SB/S4/ES-640/2012 on geotechnical characterization of the Jharia coal field area using geophysical techniques, DST FIST project SR/FST/ES-1/2017/12, and ISRO, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India for funding project ISRO/RES/630/2016-17. We also thank Prof. R. M. Bhattacharjee, HOD, Dept. of Mining Engineering, IIT(ISM) for valuable guidance in this work and the Director of IIT(ISM) and HOD, Dept. of Applied Geophysics, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad for providing resources for this study. We extend our deep gratitude to Mr. Praveen Kumar and Mr. Neelam Raju Ekka Area-III, of Jogidhi Colliery, BCCL, for their kind support during the survey.

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  1. Dept of Applied Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826 004, India

    Rajwardhan Kumar, Sanjit Kumar Pal & Praveen Kumar Gupta

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Kumar, R., Pal, S.K. & Gupta, P.K. Water Seepage Mapping in an Underground Coal-Mine Barrier Using Self-potential and Electrical Resistivity Tomography. Mine Water Environ 40, 622–638 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00788-w

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