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An Improved Vulnerability Assessment Model for Floor Water Bursting from a Confined Aquifer Based on the Water Inrush Coefficient Method

Verbessertes Modell zur Vulnerabilitätsbewertung gegenüber Liegendwassereinbruch aus gespanntem Aquifer auf Basis der Wassereinbruch-Koeffizienten-Methode

Un modelo mejorado de relevamiento de la vulnerabilidad para riesgo por agua a través del piso desde un acuífero confinando basado en el método del coeficiente de irrupción de agua

基于突水系数的底板承压水突水改进脆弱性评价模型

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Abstract

Pressurized confined water below coal seams are serious threats to mining. The conventional water inrush coefficient method fails to accurately assess the risk of floor water inrush under some specific conditions, such as high water pressure and low water yield in the source aquifers. Large amounts of water inrush data including water inrush flow rate, water inrush coefficient (T s ), floor aquiclude thickness (M), and water abundance, were collected and statistically analyzed. The results indicated that inrushes mostly occurred when M was less than 30 m and that the critical T s increased linearly with M. The occurrence of a water inrush and water inrush yield amount (Q in L/s) were related to both the values of T s and the unit water inflow (q in L/(s m)). In addition, 97.7% of the large- and medium-sized inrush events occurred when q > 2 L/(s m) and only a small proportion (3.2%) of the small-sized inrushes happened when q < 0.1 L (s m). T s M and q were comprehensively analyzed and used to evaluate vulnerability to floor water inrush. By analyzing the distribution of water inrush points and the scale of water inrush events, the vulnerability was divided into four levels (safe, moderately safe, potentially dangerous, and highly risky) based on T s M and T s q models. Successful application of these models in the Huaibei mining area proved that they are feasible in practice. The T s M and T s q charts can be used independently or jointly. These new methods should improve the accuracy of predictions and evaluations during deep exploitation where the aquifers are often characterized with high pressure but low water abundance. The results could also help reduce the amount spent on mine water prevention and control.

Zusammenfassung

Gespannte, unter Druck stehende Grundwässer im Liegenden von Kohleflözen stellen für dortigen Bergbau ein erstzunehmendes Risiko dar. Die konventionelle Wassereinbruch-Koeffizienten-Methode versagt unter bestimmten Bedingungen bezüglich einer genauen Vorhersage von Liegendwassereinbrüchen, so bei hohen Wasserdrücken und geringer Ergiebigkeit der betroffenen Grundwasserleiter. Für die vorliegende Arbeit wurden große Datenmengen zu Wassereinbrüchen zusammengetragen und statistisch untersucht, darunter Angaben zur Zuflussmenge, zum Wassereinbruchskoeffizienten (Ts), zur Sohlstauermächtigkeit (M) und zur Wassermenge. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Einbruchsereignisse überwiegend bei M < 30 m auftraten und dass der kritische Ts linear mit M anstieg. Das Auftreten von Wassereinbrüchen sowie die Zuflussmenge (Q in L/s) wurden in Beziehung gesetzt zu TS sowie zur spezifischen Zuflussmenge (q in L/(s∙m)). 97,7% der großen und mittleren Wassereinbrüche traten mit q > 2 L/(s∙m) auf, während nur ein geringer Anteil (3,2%) der kleineren Einbrüche q < 0.1 L/(s∙m) aufwies. Ts, M und q wurden umfassend analysiert und die Ergebnisse genutzt, um die Anfälligkeit gegenüber Liegendwassereinbrüchen zu bewerten. Durch Auswertung der Verteilung von Wasserzutrittspunkten sowie der Schwere der Einbruchsereignisse wurde die Vulnerabilität auf Basis von Ts-M- und Ts-q-Modellen in vier Klassen unterteilt (sicher, mäßig sicher, potentiell gefährlich, hoch gefährlich). Die erfolgreiche Anwendung dieser Modelle in der Bergbauregion von Huaibei ist Beleg für deren Praktikabilität. Die Ts-M- und Ts-q-Diagramme können unabhängig voneinander oder auch kombiniert genutzt werden. Es wird erwartet, dass die neuen Methoden die Genauigkeit von Vorhersagen und Bewertungen in Bezug auf Bergbau in großen Teufen, bei dem häufig Aquifere mit hochgespannten Wässern und geringer Ergiebigkeit auftreten, verbessern. Die Ergebnisse sollten auch dazu beitragen, die Aufwendungen für Prävention und Beherrschung von Wassereinbrüchen zu verringern.

Resumen

El agua presurizada y confinada debajo de las vetas de carbón constituye una seria amenaza para la minería. El método convencional del coeficiente de irrupción de agua falla para predecir con precisión el riesgo de irrupción de agua a través del piso bajo algunas condiciones específicas como son la alta presión del agua y el bajo contenidoo de agua en los acuíferos. Se colectaron y analizaron estadísticamente grandes cantidades de datos incluyendo los flujos de agua, los coeficientes de irrupción de agua (Ts), el espesor del piso (M) y la abundancia de agua. Los resultados indicaron que las irrupciones ocurrieron principalmente cuando M fue menor a 30 m y que el TS crítico se incrementó linealmente con M. La ocurrencia de la irrupción de agua y la cantidad de agua involucrada (Q en L/s) fueron relacionados a los valores de Ts y al flujo de agua (q en L/(s∙m)). Además, 97,7% de los eventos de media y gran escala ocurrieron cuando q > 2 L/(s∙m) y sólo una pequeña porción (3,2%) de los eventos de pequeño tamaño ocurrieron cuando q < 0,1 L/(s∙m). Ts, M y q se analizaron comprensivamente y se usaron para evaluar la vulnerabilidad a la irrupción de agua desde el piso. Analizando la distribución de los puntos de irrupción de agua y la magnitud de los eventos de irrupción de agua, la vulnerabilidad fue dividida en cuatro niveles (seguros, moderamente seguros, potencialmente peligrosos y altamente peligrosos) basado en los modelos Ts-M y Ts-q. La aplicación exitosa de estos modelos en el área minera Huaibei probó que los mismos pueden ser aplicados prácticamente. Las tablas Ts-M y Ts-q pueden ser usadas juntas o independientemente. Estos nuevos métodos deberían mejorar la precisión de las predicciones y las evaluaciones durante la explotación en profundidad donde los acuíferos están frecuentemente caracterizados por alta presión pero baja abundancia de agua. Los resultados podrían también ayudar a reducir el dinero gastado en la prevención y el control de las irrupciones de agua.

摘要

煤层下伏承压含水层威胁煤矿安全开采。传统突水系数法不能精确评价突水含水层高水压却低富水性等特定条件下的突水风险。收集和统计了突水量、突水系数(Ts)、底板隔水层厚度(M)、富水系数等相关突水材料。结果表明,多数突水发生于底板隔水层厚度小于30m,临界突水系数(Ts)随底板隔水层厚度(M)增加而线性增大。突水及突水量(Q,单位L/s)同时与突水系数(Ts)和单位涌水量(q,单位L/( s∙m)有关。97.7%的大型和中型底板突水事故发生于单位涌水量大于2 L/( s∙m)的含水层,仅少量突水(3.2%)发生于单位涌水量小于 0.1 L/(s∙m)的含水层。突水系数、底板隔水层厚度和单位涌水量以用综合评价底板突水脆弱性。通过分析突水点分布和突水规模,基于Ts-M和 Ts-q模型,底板突水脆弱性被分为四个等级(安全、中等安全、潜在危险和高度危险)。该模型在淮北矿区的成功应用证明了方法的可行性。Ts-M和Ts-q图可单独或联合应用。该方法可提高深部高水压、低富水性含水层的突水危险预测精度,有助于减少防治水成本。

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank everyone who provided assistance in the present study, which was jointly supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (Grant 41430643) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41302248). Thanks also to the editors and reviewers for their suggestions and help.

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Correspondence to Wenping Li.

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Li, W., Liu, Y., Qiao, W. et al. An Improved Vulnerability Assessment Model for Floor Water Bursting from a Confined Aquifer Based on the Water Inrush Coefficient Method. Mine Water Environ 37, 196–204 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0463-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0463-3

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