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Experimental Simulation of Fault Water Inrush Channel Evolution in a Coal Mine Floor

Simulationsversuche zur Entstehung von Sohlwassereinbruchswegigkeiten im Kohlenbergbau

Simulación experimental de la evolución de la falla de irrupción de agua en el piso de una mina de carbón

煤层底板断层突水通道演化过程物理模拟实验

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Abstract

Mine water inrush is very common in China and can cause hysteresis and severe damage. The entire process of crack formation, concealed fault propagation, and evolution of a water inrush channel with high pressure water directly beneath the mine floor was physically simulated based on fluid–solid coupling mechanics and solid materials research. Activated materials were used to simulate fault damaged rock, including soybeans, sand, Vaseline, and calcium carbonate. The results indicate that water channels are mainly caused by the connection between tectonic rock zones and coal floor cracks, which are the direct cause for water inrush. Furthermore, the lagging water inrush mechanism from the coal floor in a confined water body under both a stress field and a seepage field were revealed. The formation of the water inrush path with temporal and spatial variations was analyzed by interpreting the monitoring data and phenomena. The data showed that the floor stress in front of the working face increased and was affected by the abutment pressure, and that floor stress under the mined-out area began to decrease simultaneously. The stress of the upper wall showed a drastic drop while the stress of the footwall continued to decline and then stabilized after the water inrush. This work provides new approaches and knowledge for research on deep mining water inrush structures.

Zusammenfassung

Bergwassereinbrüche sind in China sehr häufig und können bleibende und schwere Schäden verursachen. Der gesamte Prozess der Bruchentstehung, die verdeckte Störstellenentwicklung und die Entstehung der Wassereinbruchswegigkeit durch gespanntes Wasser direkt unter der Abbausohle wurde basierend auf kombinierten Festkörper-/Fluidmechanik- und Gesteinsuntersuchungen bearbeitet. Aktivierte Werkstoffe (Sojabohnen, Sand, Vaseline und Kalkstein) wurden verwendet, um gestörtes Gebirge zu simulieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wasserwegigkeiten hauptsächlich durch die Kombination von Störungszonen und Rissen im Kohleliegend—die der unmittelbare Auslöser für den Wassereinbruch sind—verursacht werden. Darüber hinaus wurde der verzögerte Mechanismus des Sohlwasserausbruchs innerhalb eines gespannten Wasserkörpers sowohl unter Druck- als auch unter Sickerwasserbedingungen entdeckt. Die Entstehung der Wasserwegigkeit wurde in zeitlichen und räumlichen Variationen durch Interpretation der beobachteten Daten und Phänomene untersucht. Die Daten zeigten, dass die Sohlspannung vor der Abbaufront anstieg und vom Überlagerungsdruck beeinflusst wird und, dass die Sohlspannung unter der abgebauten Fläche gleichzeitig abzunehmen begann. Die Spannung in der Firste zeigte einen drastischen Abfall während sie in der Sohle weiter abnahm und sich dann nach dem Wassereinbruch stabilisierte. Diese Arbeit stellt neue Ansätze und Erkenntnisse für die Erforschung von Wassereinbruchsstrukturen im tiefen Bergbau zur Verfügung.

Resumen

La irrupción de agua de mina es muy común en China y puede causar histéresis y daños severos. Se simuló físicamente el proceso entero de formación de grieta, propagación de la falla y evolución del canal de irrupción de agua con alta presión de agua debajo del piso de la mina, basado en las investigaciones sobre materiales sólidos y la mecánica de acoplamiento sólido-fluido. Para simular la roca de la falla se utilizaron materiales activados como porotos de soja, arena, vaselina y carbonato de calcio. Los resultados indican que los canales de agua son principalmente causados por la conexión entre las zonas de roca tectónica y las grietas de carbón del piso y son la causa directa de la irrupción de agua. Además, se reveló el mecanismo de retraso de la irrupción de agua desde el piso de carbón en un cuerpo de agua confinada bajo tensión y filtración de campo. La formación de un paso de irrupción de agua con variaciones espacio-temporales fue analizado por la interpretación de los datos monitoreados y de los fenómenos. Los datos mostraron que la tensión del piso sobre la cara de trabajo se incrementó y fue afectado por la presión y que la tensión del piso bajo el área no explotada empieza a decrecer simultáneamente. Luego de la irrupción de agua, la tensión de la pared superior descendió drásticamente mientras que la tensión de la pared inferior descendió y luego se estabilizó. Este trabajo proporciona nuevas aproximaciones y conocimiento para la investigación sobre la irrupción de agua en minería de profundidad.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 51604167), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant 2015M572067), Natural Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2016EEB07), Graduate Innovation Foundation of Shandong University of Science and Technology (SDKDYC170302), and the Taishan Scholar Talent Team Support Plan for Advantaged and Unique Discipline Areas.

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Correspondence to Shichuan Zhang or Yangyang Li.

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S. Zhang and W. Guo contributed equally to this work.

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Zhang, S., Guo, W., Li, Y. et al. Experimental Simulation of Fault Water Inrush Channel Evolution in a Coal Mine Floor. Mine Water Environ 36, 443–451 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0433-9

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