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Hydrogeological Behavior of a Store-and-Release Cover: A Comparison Between Field Column Tests and Numerical Predictions With or Without Hysteresis Effects

Hydrogeologisches Verhalten einer Speicher- und Abgabe-Abdeckung: Vergleich zwischen Feldsäulentests und numerischen Prognosen mit und ohne Hysterese

Comportamiento hidrogeológico de una cubierta de almacenamiento y liberación: una comparación entre los ensayos de columna en campo y las predicciones numéricas con o sin efectos de histéresis

储存-释放型腾发覆盖层的水文地质过程:现场土柱实验与数值模拟结果的滞后效应对比

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Abstract

Non-hysteretic numerical codes are often used to design store-and-release (SR) cover systems. Hysteretic and non-hysteretic predictions were compared using field measurements with instrumented column tests, consisting of fine-grained SR material (phosphate limestone waste) with high hysteretic behavior (hysteretic ratio ≈11) placed over a capillary break layer. Transient unsaturated water flow was then predicted using a one-dimensional code (HYDRUS-1D) under semi-arid climatic conditions over 1 year. Non-hysteretic simulation based on the main wetting curve of the SR material and hysteretic simulation were validated with the measured data. The compared results showed better agreement between measured and predicted values for non-hysteretic simulation during wet periods, whereas the hysteretic scenario showed better agreement with field measurements during dry periods. The influence of hysteresis effects on the complex transient unsaturated water flow of the tested scenarios and conditions is considered minor.

Zusammenfassung

Zur Dimensionierung von Speicher- und Abgabe-Abdeckungssystemen (SAAS) werden oft nicht-hysteretische numerische Codes verwendet. Hier werden nicht-hysteretische und hysteretische Prognosen verglichen, basierend auf Feldmessungen mit instrumentierten Säulentests, bestehend aus feinkörnigem SAAS-Material (Phosphatkalkabgang) mit ausgeprägt hysteretischem Verhalten (hysteretisches Verhältnis ca. 11), welches über einer kapillarbrechenden Schicht aufgebracht wurde. Instationäre ungesättigte Wasserströmung wurde für ein Jahr unter semiariden klimatischen Bedingungen mit einem eindimensionalen Code (HYDRUS-1D) vorausberechnet. Nicht-hysteretische Simulation basierend auf der Hauptbenetzungskurve des SAAS Materials und hysteretische Simulation wurden mit den Meßdaten validiert. Die verglichenen Resultate zeigen eine bessere Übereinstimmung für nicht-hysteretische Simulation zwischen gemessenen und vorhergesagten Werten während feuchter Perioden, wogegen das hysteretische Szenario eine bessere Übereinstimmung während trockener Perioden zeigte. Der Einfluß von Hysteresewirkungen auf die komplexe instationäre ungesättigte Wasserströmung der untersuchten Szenarios und Bedingungen wird als gering erachtet.

Resumen

Frecuentemente se utilizan códigos numéricos no-histeréticos para el diseño de sistemas de cubierta para almacenamiento y liberación (SR). Se compararon predicciones histeréticas y no histeréticas usando mediciones de campo con ensayos de columna consistentes en material SR de grado fino (residuo fosfato-caliza) con alto comportamiento histerético (coeficiente de histéresis ≈11) ubicado sobre una capa de ruptura capilar. Se predijo un flujo transiente de agua insaturada usando un código unidimensional (HYDRUS-1D) bajo condiciones climáticas semiáridas en un período de un año. La simulación no histerética basado en la principal curva de humectación del material SR y la simulación histerética, se validaron con los datos medidos. Los resultados mostraron un mejor acuerdo entre los valores medidos y predichos para la simulación no histerética durante los períodos húmedos mientras que el escenario histerético acordó mejor con los valores de campos en períodos secos. La influencia de los efectos de histéresis sobre el flujo transiente de agua insaturada de los escenarios analizados, se consideró poco significativo.

抽象

不考虑滞后效应的非饱和流数值模拟常用于储存-释放型腾发覆盖层(SR)设计。文章利用现场可监控非饱和流土柱实验对比了考虑滞后效应与不考虑滞后效应的水文地质过程差异。现场试验土柱由细粒储存-释放型腾发覆盖层(SR)材料(磷灰岩废矿石)组成,置于粗粒毛细隔层之上,试验系统滞后效应较强(滞后比(hysteretic ratio)≈11)。采用非饱和流一维流模拟软件(HYDRUS-1D)模拟预测试验系统在半干旱区一年多时间内的瞬时非饱和流变化。利用现场土柱试验实测值验证基于储存-释放型腾发覆盖层(SR)材料主湿润曲线的无滞后模拟和滞后模拟的合理性。对比结果显示,雨季实测结果与无滞后模拟预测值吻合较好,而滞后模拟预测值与旱季现场实测值吻合较好。滞后作用对不同试验情形与条件的瞬时非饱和流影响较小。

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Acknowledgments

Financial support was provided under the International Research Chairs Initiative, a program funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Canada Research Chairs Program, and the Industrial NSERC Polytechnique-UQAT Chair on Environment and Mine Wastes Management (Canada).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Institute on Mines and the Environment, Univ du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boul de l’Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada

    Bruno Bossé, Bruno Bussière, Abdelkabir Maqsoud & Mostafa Benzaazoua

  2. IDRC (Canada) Research Chair in Management and Stabilization of Mining and Industrial Wastes, Univ Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech, Morocco

    Bruno Bossé, Rachid Hakkou & Mostafa Benzaazoua

  3. LCME, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Univ Cadi Ayyad, BP 549, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco

    Rachid Hakkou

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  1. Bruno Bossé
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  2. Bruno Bussière
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  3. Abdelkabir Maqsoud
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  4. Rachid Hakkou
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  5. Mostafa Benzaazoua
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruno Bussière.

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplemental Fig. 1

Main WRCs of the fine-grained (a) and coarse-grained materials (b) (MWC main wetting curve, MDC main drying curve). (PDF 119 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 2

Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions of the coarse- and fine-grained materials (MDC main drying curve, MWC main wetting curve). (PDF 65 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 3

Schematic representation of the column testing (Bossé et al. 2013) and the finite-element grid used in numerical modeling. (PDF 223 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 4

Texture profile of 80 cm depth and initial suctions used at the beginning of the simulations. (PDF 51 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 5

Climatic data (year 2011) used for the upper boundary condition: daily rainfalls (a), potential evaporation calculated from HYDRUS-1D (b). (PDF 216 kb)

Supplemental Fig. 6

Sensitivity of the hCritA value on the non-hysteretic (volumetric water content (a) and matric suction (b) time trends) predictions at 10 cm depth. (PDF 236 kb)

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Bossé, B., Bussière, B., Maqsoud, A. et al. Hydrogeological Behavior of a Store-and-Release Cover: A Comparison Between Field Column Tests and Numerical Predictions With or Without Hysteresis Effects. Mine Water Environ 35, 221–234 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-015-0350-8

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