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Chemical Fractionation and Contamination Intensity of Trace Elements in Stream Sediments at the Sarcheshmeh Porphyry Copper Mine, SE Iran

Chemische Fraktionierung und Verschmutzungsintensität durch Spurenelemente in Flusssedimenten des Sarcheshmeh Porphyr-Kupfer Bergwerks, SE Iran

El fraccionamiento químico y la intensidad de la contaminación de elementos traza en sedimentos de la mina porfirítica de cobre Sarcheshmeh, sudeste de Iran

伊朗东南部 Sarcheshmeh 斑岩铜矿矿区河泥中微量元素的化学形态及污染强度

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Abstract

This paper presents chemical fractionation and contamination intensities of trace elements in stream sediments at the Sarcheshmeh mine, southeastern Iran, which is one of the world’s largest Oligo-Miocene porphyry copper deposits. Evaluation of environmental pollution indices and maximum probable background concentrations revealed that As, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, S, and Zn are highly concentrated in the contaminated sediments, while Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, and Mn show lower enrichment values. Discharges of industrial effluents (especially those contaminated by tailings), reject waste from the semi-autogenous mill, and rock waste drainages are the main anthropogenic contaminant sources. High values of As, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, and Zn were associated with the oxidizable, primary sulfide, and residual sediment fractions. Relatively high percentages of Co (>92 %), Cr (>58 %), Cu (>79 %), Fe (>40 %), Mn (>97 %), Ni (>87 %), and Zn (>83 %) in the sediments associated with the rock waste drainages were readily released during the extraction of water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate fractions. Sediments that received reject waste drainages were also polluted by As (>351.7 mg kg−1), Cu (>1.58 %), Mo (>91.8 mg kg−1), Pb (>291.8 mg kg−1), and Zn (>762.4 mg kg−1). A large percentage of these contaminants were found to be adsorbed and co-precipitated with amorphous Fe-oxides and carbonate phases. The chemical fractionation pattern of the potentially hazardous trace elements corresponded well with the mineralogical composition of the contaminated sediments.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Artikel präsentiert die chemische Fraktionierung und den Grad der Kontamination durch Spurenelemente in den Flusssedimenten des Sarcheshmeh Bergwerks im südöstlichen Iran. Es ist eines der weltweit größten oligo-miozänen Kupfer- Porphyr-Vorkommen. Durch die Auswertung der Kennzahlen zur Umweltverschmutzung und der höchstmöglichen Hintergrundkonzentrationen zeigt sich, dass As, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, S und Zn in den belasteten Sedimenten hoch konzentriert sind. Cr, Co, Ni, Fe und Mn dagegen zeigen niedrigere Anreicherungswerte. Die Einleitung industrieller Abwässer (vornehmlich verunreinigt durch Aufbereitungsrückstände), Abgänge der halbautomatischen Aufbereitungsanlage und Wässer aus den Abraumhalden sind die Hauptquellen der anthropogenen Verunreinigung. Hohe Werte von As, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb und Zn sind an die oxidierbare Fraktion, an die primär sulfidische und die Residualfraktion gebunden. Relativ hohe Gehalte an Co (>92 %), Cr (>58 %), Cu (>79 %), Fe (>40 %), Mn (>97 %), Ni (>87 %) und Zn (>83 %) wurden in den Sedimenten, die mit den Abraumhalden in Zusammenhang stehen, von der wasserlöslichen, der austauschbaren und der Karbonatfraktion gelöst. Sedimente, die von den Abgängen stammen, sind außerdem durch As (>351.7 mg kg−1), Cu (>1.58 %), Mo (>91.8 mg kg−1), Pb (>291.8 mg kg−1) und Zn (>762.4 mg kg−1) verunreinigt. Wir konnten feststellen, dass ein Großteil der Verunreinigungen an die amorphen Eisenoxide und Karbonatphasen gekoppelt sind und gemeinsam mit diesen ausfallen. Das Muster der chemischen Fraktionierung der möglicherweise gefährlichen Spurenelemente stimmt mit der mineralogischen Beschaffenheit der belasteten Sedimente überein.

Resumen

Este trabajo presenta el fraccionamiento químico y las intensidades de contaminación de elementos traza en los sedimentos de la mina Sarcheshmeh mine, en el sudeste de Iran, que es uno de los mayores depósitos Oligo-Mioceno de cobre porfirítico en el mundo. La evaluación de los índices de contaminación ambiental y las concentraciones máximas revelaron que As, Cu, Cd, Mo, Pb, Sb, Se, S, y Zn están altamente concentrados en los sedimentos, mientras Cr, Co, Ni, Fe, y Mn están en menores valores. Las descargas de efluentes industriales (especialmente aquellos contaminados por las colas), los residuos descartados por el molino semi-autógeno y los drenajes de residuos de roca, son las principales fuentes de contaminación antropogénica. Altos valores de As, Cu, Fe, Mo, Pb, y Zn estaban asociados con las fracciones oxidables, de sulfuros primarios y a la fracción residual. Altos porcentajes de Co (>92 %), Cr (>58 %), Cu (>79 %), Fe (>40 %), Mn (>97 %), Ni (>87 %), y Zn (>83 %) en los sedimentos asociados con los drenajes de residuos de roca fueron liberados durante la extracción de las fracciones solubles en agua, intercambiable y de carbonatos. Los sedimentos que recibieron drenajes de residuos descartados estaban también contaminados por As (>351,7 mg kg−1), Cu (>1,58 %), Mo (>91,8 mg kg−1), Pb (>291,8 mg kg−1), y Zn (>762,4 mg kg−1). Un gran porcentaje de estos contaminantes fueron encontrados adsorbidos y co-precipitados con fases de carbonato y óxidos amorfos de Fe. El fraccionamiento químico de los elementos trazas potencialmente peligrosos, se correlacionan bien con la composición mineralógica de los sedimentos contaminados.

抽象

伊朗东南部 Sarcheshmeh 矿是世界上最大的渐新-中新世斑岩铜矿之一。本文研究了 Sarcheshmeh 矿区河泥中微量元素的化学形态及污染强度。环境污染指数和离子最大可能背景浓度(MPBC)研究显示, 受污染河泥中砷, 铜, 镉, 钼, 铅, 锑, 硒, 硫和锌富集程度高, 而铬, 钴, 镍, 铁和锰富集程低。工业废水(尤其是尾矿废水), 半自磨厂废脚料和废矿石污水是主要人类污染源。高浓度的砷, 铜, 铁, 钼, 铅, 锌与可氧化的原生硫化物及其残渣态相关。废矿石污水使河泥中钴(>92 %), 镉(>58 %), 铜 (>79 %), 铁(>40 %), 锰(>97 %), 镍(>87 %)以及锌(>83 %)等相对含量较高, 且在提取可溶态, 可交换态和碳酸盐形态时稳定释出。同时,河泥在接受废脚料污水时再次被砷(>351.7 mg kg−1), 铜(>1.58 %), 钼(>91.8 mg kg−1), 铅(>291.8 mg kg−1)和锌Zn (>762.4 mg kg−1)等污染。研究表明, 大部分污染物被非晶铁氧化物和碳酸盐吸附和沉淀,具有潜在危险的微量元素的化学形态与受污染河泥的矿物成分相关。

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Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the cooperation of the Research and Development Division of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex for financial support and access to sampling and analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Depatment of Geology, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 76135–133, Kerman, Iran

    Mehdi Khorasanipour

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran

    Majid H. Tangestani

  3. Research and Development Division, Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman, Iran

    Reza Naseh

  4. Central Laboratory of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, Kerman, Iran

    Hamid Hajmohammadi

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  1. Mehdi Khorasanipour
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  2. Majid H. Tangestani
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  3. Reza Naseh
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Correspondence to Mehdi Khorasanipour.

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10230_2012_198_MOESM1_ESM.doc

Supplementary Table S-1: 1- Results obtained from 9-operationally defined chemical fractionation methods (F1, water-soluble; F2, exchangeable; F3, acido-soluble or carbonate; F4, manganese oxide; F5, amorphous Fe oxide; F6, crystalline Fe oxide; F7, oxidizable; F8, primary sulfide; and F9, residual). (DOC 240 kb)

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Khorasanipour, M., Tangestani, M.H., Naseh, R. et al. Chemical Fractionation and Contamination Intensity of Trace Elements in Stream Sediments at the Sarcheshmeh Porphyry Copper Mine, SE Iran. Mine Water Environ 31, 199–213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-012-0198-0

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