Abstract
It is now well known that adolescence is frequently marked by a decline in students' achievement motivation, which in turn is often associated with a decline in individual school self-concept. Less is known about the mediating role of socio-motivational support in the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation. The current study examined the interplay of individual school self-concept, socio-motivational support and achievement motivation in a large sample of seventh and eighth grade students (N = 1,088; M Age = 13.7) in secondary schools in Brandenburg, Germany. Structural equation modeling was used to test the associations between individual school self-concept, socio-motivational support, and achievement motivation. The results showed that the teacher–student relationship as well as “teachers as positive motivators” mediated the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation. In contrast, neither “peers as positive motivators” nor the student–student relationship mediated this association. These results support the notion that maintaining a positive teacher–student relationship as well as encouraging teachers in the role of positive motivators could be an effective starting point for prevention and intervention programs aimed at offsetting the decline in individual school self-concept and achievement motivation during adolescence.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.




Notes
(Cognitive attribution theory of Weiner (1985); self-worth theory of achievement motivation of Covington and Berry (1976); achievement goal theory of Elliot (1997) and Pintrich (2003); self-determination theory (Deci and Ryan 1985; Ryan and Stiller 1991), and social-cognitive theory (Bandura 1986; Pajares 1996; Schunk 1984))
References
Achermann, N., Pecorari, C., Winkler-Metzke, C., & Steinhausen, H. C. (2006). Schulklima und Schulumwelt in ihrer Bedeutung für psychische Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen – Einführung in die Thematik. In H.-C. Steinhausen (Ed.), Schule und psychische Störungen (pp. 15–37). Stuttgart, Germany: Kohlhammer.
Adams, R. E., Santo, J. B., & Bukowski, W. M. (2011). The presence of a best friend buffers the effects of negative experiences. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1786–1791.
Alerby, E., & Hertting, K. (2007). Reflections on the meaning of social relations between teachers and students. Paper presented at the meeting of the Australian Association for Research in Education (AARE) 37th Annual International Education Research Conference, Fremantle, Australia.
Areepattammannil, S. (2012). Mediational role of academic motivation in the association between school self-concept and school achievement among Indian adolescents in Canada and India. Social Psychology of Education: An International Journal, 15, 367–386. doi:10.1007/s11218-012-9187-1.
Asparouhov, T. (2005). Sampling weights in latent variable modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 12, 37–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910967107.
Atkinson, J. W. (1974). A theory of achievement motivation. New York: Wiley.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1996). Interpersonal relationships in the school environment and children's early school adjustment: the role of teachers and peers. In J. Juvonen & K. Wentzel (Eds.), Social Motivation – Understanding children’s school adjustment (pp. 199–225). Cambridge: University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511571190.011.
Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1997). The teacher–child relationship and children’s early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 35, 61–79. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5.
Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1998). Children’s interpersonal behaviors and the teacher–child relationship. Developmental Psychology, 34, 934–946. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.934.
Bouffard, T., Boileau, L., & Vezeau, C. (2001). Students' transition from elementary to high school and changes of the relationship between motivation and academic performance. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 16, 589–604. doi:10.1007/BF03173199.
Buhs, E., Herald, S., & Ladd, G. (2006). Peer exclusion and victimization: processes that mediate the relation between peer group rejection and children's classroom engagement and achievement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 1–13. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.1.1.
Bukowski, W. M., Laursen, B., & Hoza, B. (2010). The snowball effect: friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children. Development and psychopathology, 22, 749–757. doi:10.1017/S095457941000043X.
Bukowski, W. M., Simard, M., Dubois, M.-E., & Lopez, L. (2011). Representations, process, and development: a new look at friendship in early adolescence. In E. Amsel & J. Smetana (Eds.), Adolescent vulnerabilities and opportunities: developmental and constructivist perspectives (pp. 159–181). Cambridge: University Press.
Chan, D. (2009). So why ask me? Are self-report data really that bad? In C. E. Lance & R. J. Vandenberg (Eds.), Statistical and methodological myths and urban legends (pp. 309–336). New York, NY: Routledge.
Christ, O., & Schlüter, E. (2012). Strukturgleichungsmodelle mit Mplus. Eine praktische Einführung. München, Germany: Oldenbourg.
Coie, J. D., Lochman, J. E., Terry, R., & Hyman, C. (1992). Predicting early adolescent disorder from childhood aggression and peer rejection. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 783–792. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.60.5.783.
Cook, T. D., Deng, Y., & Morgano, E. (2007). Friendship influences during early adolescence: the special role of friends' grade point average. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 325–356. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00525.x.
Covington, M. V., & Berry, R. G. (1976). Self-Worth theory and school learning. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
DeRosier, M. E., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Patterson, C. J. (1994). Children's academic and behavioral adjustment as a function of the chronicity and proximity of peer rejection. Child Development, 65, 1799–1813. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00850.x.
Dohn, H. (1991). “Drop-out” in the Danish high school (gymnasium): an investigation of psychological, sociological and pedagogical factors. International Review of Education, 37, 415–428.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching: motivation. London, GB: Pearson Education Limited.
Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., & Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology. Social, emotional and personality development (Vol. 3, pp. 1017–1096). New York, NY: Wiley.
Eckert, C., Schilling, D., & Stiensmeier-Pelster, C. (2006). Effects of academic self-concept on performance in intelligence and concentration tests. German Educational Psychology Journal, 20, 41–48.
Elliot, A. J. (1997). Integrating the “classic” and the “contemporary” approaches to achievement motivation: a hierarchical model of approach and avoidance achievement motivation. In M. L. Maehr & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 10, pp. 143–179). Greenwich, CT: JAP Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle. Part One. Psychological issues. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
Finn, J. D. (1989). Withdrawing from school. Review of educational research, 59, 117–142. doi:10.3102/00346543059002117.
Finn, J. D. (2006). The adult lives of at-risk students: The roles of attainment and engagement in high school. Report to National Center of Educational Statistics, 328, Washington, DC: USA
Flanagan, K. S., Erath, S. A., & Bierman, K. B. (2008). Unique associations between peer relationships and social anxiety in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 759–769. doi:10.1080/15374410802359700.
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, C. (1992). Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships. Child Development, 63, 103–105. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb03599.x.
Geiser, C. (2010). Datenanalyse mit Mplus. Eine anwendungsorientierte Einführung. 1. Aufl., Wiesbaden: VS.
Guay, F., Ratelle, C. F., Roy, A., & Litalien, D. (2010). Academic self-concept, autonomous academic motivation, and academic achievement: mediating and additive effects. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 644–653. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2010.08.001.
Harter, S. (1996). Teacher and classmate influences on scholastic motivation, self-esteem, and level of voice in adolescents. In J. Juvonen & K. Wentzel (Eds.), Social motivation—understanding children's school adjustment (pp. 11–42). Cambridge: University Press. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3401_5.
Harter, S. (2012). The construction of the self: developmental and sociocultural foundations. New York, NY: Guilford.
Hodges, E. V., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101.
Horner, M. (1972). Toward an understanding of achievement-related conflicts in women. Journal of Social Issues, 28, 157–175. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1972.tb00023.x.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
Jennings, P. A., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). The prosocial classroom: teacher social and emotional competence in relation to student and classroom outcomes. Review of Educational Research, 79, 491–525. doi:10.3102/0034654308325693.
Juvonen, J., & Wentzel, K. (1996). Social motivation: understanding children's school adjustment. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kindermann, T. A. (1993). Natural peer groups as contexts for individual development: the case of children's motivation in school. Developmental Psychology, 29, 970–977. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.6.970.
Kindermann, T. A., McCollam, T. L., & Gibson Jnr, E. (1996). Peer networks and students' classroom engagement during childhood and adolescence. In J. Juvonen & K. R. Wentzel (Eds.), Social Motivation: Understanding Children's School Adjustment (pp. 279–311). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Kochhar, S. K. (1985). Methods & techniques of teaching. New Delhi, India: Sterling Publishers Private Limited.
Kunter, M., Schümer, G., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., Klieme, E., Neubrand, M., Prenzel, M., Schiefele, U., Schneider, W., Stanat, P., Tillmann, K.-J., & Weiß, M. (2002). PISA 2000:Dokumentation der Erhebungsinstrumente. Berlin, Germany: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung.
Ladd, G. W., & Kochenderfer, B. J. (1996). Linkages between friendship and adjustment during early school transitions. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The company they keep: friendship in childhood and adolescence (pp. 322–345). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ladd, G. W., Herald-Brown, S. L., & Kochel, K. P. (2009). Peers and motivation. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of motivation at school (pp. 323–348). New York, NY: Routledge.
Leahy, R. L., & Hunt, T. M. (1983). A cognitive-developmental approach to the development of conceptions of intelligence. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), The child's construction of social inequality (pp. 135–160). New York, NY: Academic.
MacKinnon, D. (2008). Introduction to statistical mediation analysis. New York, NY: Routledge.
March, H. W., & Craven, R. G. (2005). A reciprocal effects model of the causal ordering of self-concept and achievement. New support for the benefits of enhancing self-concept. In H. W. Marsh, R. G. Craven, & D. M. McInerney (Eds.), International advances in self research: New frontiers for self research (pp. 15–52). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Marsh, H. W., & Köller, O. (2003). Bringing together two theoretical models of relations between academic self-concept and achievement. In H. W. Marsh, R. G. Craven, & D. McInerney (Eds.), International advances in self research (pp. 17–45). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, N.J.: Van Mostrand.
Montalvo, G., & Mansfield, E. (2007). Liking or disliking the teacher: student motivation, engagement and achievement. Evaluation & Research in Education, 20, 144–158. doi:10.2167/eri406.0.
Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998-2012). Mplus User´s Guide.Seventh Edition. Muthén & Muthén, Los Angeles, CA.
Newcomb, A. F., Bukowski, W. M., & Pattee, L. (1993). Children’s peer relations: a meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average sociometric status. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 99–128. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.99.
Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91, 328–346. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328.
Ollendick, T. H., Weist, M. D., Borden, M. G., & Greene, R. W. (1992). Sociometric status and academic, behavioral, and psychological adjustment: a five-year longitudinal study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 80–87. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.60.1.80.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578. doi:10.3102/00346543066004543.
Peetsma, T., Hascher, T., Van der Veen, I., & Roede, E. (2005). Relations between adolescents’ self-evaluations, time perspectives, motivation for school and their achievement in different countries and at different ages. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 20, 209–225. doi:10.1007/BF03173553.
Petermann, F., & Winkel, S. (2007). FLM 7–13. Fragebogen zur Leistungsmotivation für Schüler der 7. bis 13. Klasse. Manual. Frankfurt, Germany: Harcourt Test Services GmbH.
Pintrich, P. R. (2003). A motivational science perspective on the role of student motivation in learning and teaching contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 667–686. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.667.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008a). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008b). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, L. B. Snyder, A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13–54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Raufelder, D. (2007). Von Machtspielen zu Sympathiegesten. Das Verhältnis von Lehrern und Schülern im Bildungsprozess. Marburg, Germany: Tectum.
Raufelder, D., & Mohr, S. (2011). Zur Bedeutung sozio-emotionaler Faktoren im Kontext Schule unter Berücksichtigung neurowissenschaftlicher Aspekte. In A. Ittel, H. Merkens, L. Stecher, & J. Zinnecker (Eds.), Jahrbuch Jugendforschung (pp. 74–96). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Raufelder, D., Drury, K., Jagenow, D., Hoferichter, F., & Bukowski, W. (2013). Development and validation of the Relationship and Motivation (REMO) scales to assess students' perceptions of peers and teachers as motivators in adolescence. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 182–189. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.001.
Reeve, J., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Self-determination theory: A dialectical framework for understanding socio-cultural influences on student motivation. In D. M. McInerney & S. Van Etten (Eds.), Big theories revisited (pp. 31–60). Greenwich, CT: Information Age Press.
Régner, I., Loose, F., & Dumas, F. (2009). Students' perceptions of parental and teacher academic involvement: consequences on achievement goals. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24, 263–277. doi:10.1007/BF03173016.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., & Parker, J. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology (6th edition): Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571–645). New York, NY: Wiley.
Rubin, K., Bukowski, W. M., & Laursen, B. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Ryan, A. M. (2001). The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement. Child Development, 72, 1135–1150. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00338.
Ryan, R. M., & Stiller, J. (1991). The social contexts of internalization: parent and teacher influences on autonomy, motivation, and learning. In P. Pintrich & M. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (pp. 115–149). Greenwich, CT: JAP Press.
Schoene, C., Dickhaeuser, O., Spinath, B., & Stiensmeier-Pelster, J. (2002). Skalen zur Erfassung des schulischen Selbstkonzepts. Manual. Goettingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
Schunk, D. H. (1984). Self-efficacy and classroom learning. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans.
Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., Nakamoto, J., & Toblin, R. L. (2005). Victimization in the peer group and children's academic functioning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 425–435. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.3.425.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and non-experimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological Methods, 7, 422–445. doi:10.1037//1082-989X.7.4.422.
Spector, P. E. (2006). Method variance in organizational research: truth or urban legend? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 221–232. doi:10.1177/1094428105284955.
Tresemer, D. W. (1977). Fear of success. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
Watt, H. M. G. (2004). Development of adolescents' self-perceptions, values and task perceptions according to gender and domain in 7th- through 11th- grade Australian students. Child Development, 7, 1556–1574. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00757.x.
Waugh, R. F. (2002). Creating a scale to measure motivation to achieve academically: linking attitudes and behaviours using Rasch measurement. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, 65–86. doi:10.1348/000709902158775.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92, 548–573. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.92.4.548.
Weiner, B. (1990). History of motivational research in education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 616–622. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.616.
Weiner, B. (1994). Motivationspsychologie. Weinheim, Germany: Beltz.
Wentzel, K. R. (1998). Social relationships and motivation in middle school: the role of parents, teachers and peers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 202–209. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.90.2.202.
Wentzel, K. R. (2009a). Peers and academic functioning at school. In K. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of Peer Interactions, Relationships, and Groups (pp. 531–547). New York, NY: Guilford.
Wentzel, K. R. (2009b). Students' relationships with teachers as motivational contexts. In K. R. Wentzel & A. Wigfield (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation at School (pp. 301–322). New York, NY: Routledge.
Wentzel, K. R., Battle, A., Russell, S. L., & Looney, L. B. (2010). Social supports from teachers and peers as predictors of academic and social motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35, 193–202. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.03.002.
Wentzel, K. R., Donlan, A., & Morrison, D. (2012). Peer relationships and social motivational processes. In A. M. Ryan & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships and adjustment at school (pp. 79–107). Charlotte NC: Information Age.
Yuan, K.-H., & Bentler, P. M. (2004). On chi-square difference and z-tests in mean and covariance structure analysis when the base model is misspecified. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 737–757. doi:10.1177/0013164404264853.
Yussen, S. R., & Kane, P. T. (1985). Children's ideas about intellectual ability. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), The child's construction of social inequality (pp. 207–241). New York, NY: Academic.
Zusho, A., & Pintrich, P. R. (2001). Motivation in the second decade of life. In T. Urdan & F. Pajares (Eds.), Adolescence and Education (pp. 163–200). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Dipl. Ed. Olga Bakadorova. Doctoral Candidate Department of Educational Science and Psychology, AB Methods and Evaluation, Project SELF—Schumpeter Fellowship Volkswagen Foundation, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin. Phone: +49-(0)30-838 55748; Fax: +49-(0)30-838 55629; Web site: www.self-project.de
Current themes of research:
Achievement Motivation in Adolescence. Social Relationships in School (Teacher–Student Relationship, Student–Student Relationship). School Self-Concept
Dr. Diana Raufelder. Department of Educational Science and Psychology, AB Methods and Evaluation, Project SELF—Schumpeter Fellowship Volkswagen Foundation, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin. Phone: +49-(0)30-838 55748; Fax: +49-(0)30-838 55629; Web site: www.self-project.de
Current themes of research:
Emotion- und Motivation research. Social Relationships in School (Teacher–Student Relationship, Student–Student Relationship). Method triangulation. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Educational Psychology
Most relevant publications in the field of Psychology of Education:
Raufelder, D., Jagenow, D., Hoferichter, F., Drury, K. (2013). The person-oriented approach in the field of educational psychology. Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century, 5, 79–88.
Raufelder, D., Drury, K., Jagenow, D., Hoferichter, F. & Bukowski, W. (2013). Development and validation of the Relationship and Motivation (REMO) scales to assess students' perceptions of peers and teachers as motivators in adolescence. Learning and Individual Differences, 23, 182-189. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2013.01.001
Raufelder, D., Jagenow, D., Drury, K. & Hoferichter, F. (2013). Social Relationships and Motivation in Secondary School: 4 different motivation types. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 89-95. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.002
Raufelder, D., Jagenow, D., Hoferichter, F., & Wilkinson, R. P. (2012). An interdisciplinary challenge: method triangulation in the field of brain development and motivation. Psychology Research, 2, 627-636.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bakadorova, O., Raufelder, D. The mediating role of socio-motivational support in the association between individual school self-concept and achievement motivation amongst adolescent students. Eur J Psychol Educ 29, 347–366 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-013-0202-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-013-0202-5
Keywords
- Individual school self-concept
- Social relationships
- Achievement motivation
- Socio-motivational support
- Structural equation modeling
- Mediation