Skip to main content
Log in

Unawareness, priors and posteriors

  • Published:
Decisions in Economics and Finance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This note contains first thoughts on awareness of unawareness in a simple dynamic context where a decision situation is repeated over time. The main consequence of increasing awareness is that the model the decision maker uses, and the prior which it contains, becomes richer over time. The decision maker is prepared to this change, and we show that if a projection-consistency axiom is satisfied unawareness does not affect the value of her estimate of a payoff-relevant conditional probability (although it may weaken confidence in such estimate). Probability-zero events however, pose a challenge to this axiom, and if that fails, even estimate values will be different if the decision maker takes unawareness into account. In examining evolution of knowledge about relevant variable through time, we distinguish between transition from uncertainty to certainty and from unawareness to certainty directly, and argue that new knowledge may cause posteriors to jump more if it is also new awareness. Some preliminary considerations on convergence of estimates are included.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Å gotnes, T., Alechina N.: Full and relative awareness: a decidable logic for reasoning about knowledge of unawareness. Mimeo, University of Nottingham (2007)

  • Board, O., Chung, K.S.: Object-based unawareness. In: Bonanno, G., van der Hoek, W., Woolridge, M. (eds.) Logic and the Foundations of Game and Decision Theory, Proceedings of the 7th Conference (2006)

  • Cappé O., Eric M. and Tobias R. (2007). Inference in Hidden Markov Models. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaconis P. and Freedman D. (1993). Nonparametric binary regression: a Bayesian approach. Ann. Statist. 21: 2108–2137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diaconis P. and Freedman D. (1995). Nonparametric binary regression with random covariates. Probability and Math. Stat. 15: 243–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, Y.: Subjective reasoning—games with unawareness. Mimeo, Stanford University (2004)

  • Halpern, J., Regô L.C.: Extensive games with possibly unaware players. In: Proceedings 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, pp. 744–751 (2006)

  • Hansen L.P. (2007). Beliefs, doubts and learning: the valuation of macroeconomic risk. Am. Econ. Rev. 97: 1–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heifetz A., Schipper B.C., Meier M.: Unawareness, beliefs and games. Mimeo (2007)

  • Hill B. (1986). Some subjective Bayesian considerations in the selection of models. Econom. Rev. 4: 191–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klibanoff P., Marinacci M. and Mukerji S. (2005). A smooth model of decision making under ambiguity. Econometrica 73: 1849–1892

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klibanoff, P., Massimo Marinacci and Sujoy Mukerji: Recursive Smooth Ambiguity Preferences. Mimeo (2007)

  • Lehrer, E., Smorodinsky, R.: Merging and Learning, in Statistics, Probability and Game Theory: Papers in Honor of David Blackwell. Ferguson, T., Shapley, L., MacQueen, J. (eds.) IMS Lecture Notes—Monograph Series, vol 30, pp. 147–168 (1996)

  • Li, J.: Dynamic games of complete information with unawareness. Mimeo, University of Pennsylvania (2006)

  • Modica S. and Rustichini A. (1994). Awareness and partitional information structures. Theory Decis. 37: 107–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modica S. and Rustichini A. (1999). Unawareness and partitional information structures. Games. Econ. Behav. 27: 265–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier D. (1988). Frequentist and subjectivist perspectives on the problem of model building in economics. J. Econ. Perspect. 2: 121–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Regô, L.C., Halpern, J.: Generalized solution concepts in games with possibly unaware players. Mimeo, Federal University of Pernambuco (2007)

  • Rydén T. (1997). On recursive estimation for hidden markov models. Stoch. Processes Appl. 66: 79–96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadzik, T.: Knowledge, awareness and probabilistic beliefs. Mimeo, Graduate School of Business. Stanford University (2006)

  • Schipper, B.: The unawareness bibliography. http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/schipper (2007)

  • Sillari, G.: Models of awareness. In: Bonanno, G., van der Hoek, W., Woolridge, M. (eds.) Logic and the Foundations of Game and Decision Theory, Proceedings of the 7th Conference (2006)

  • Weitzman, M.: Prior sensitive expectations and asset return puzzles. Am. Econ. Rev. (2007, Forthcoming)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Salvatore Modica.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Modica, S. Unawareness, priors and posteriors. Decisions Econ Finan 31, 81–94 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10203-007-0078-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10203-007-0078-4

Keywords

JEL Classification

Mathematics Subject Classification (2000)

Navigation