Abstract
Through our monitoring of the volcanic characteristics of well waters around Usu Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan, we evaluated the relationships among dissolved carbon dioxide (D-CO2), water temperature and pH in the Toya-ko and Sobetsu hydrothermal areas in 2000–2020 after the most recent eruption. The D-CO2 concentrations of sampled waters from wells connected to the hydrothermal areas increased in 2000–2006 and decreased thereafter until 2020. The water temperature continued to fall from 2000 to 2010, and fell moderately further until 2020. The pH was constant from 2000 to 2015 and rose thereafter. Scatter diagrams were drawn with D-CO2 concentration per unit water temperature on the x axis and D-CO2 concentration per unit pH on the y axis for water samples from 12 to 16 wells each year. The approximate formula was represented as z = ax + by from the scatter diagrams using the principal component analysis. The value of b/a was predicted to have a high value for well water groups in the volcanic hydrothermal areas. The values of a, b and b/a might be applicable as distinct factors for volcanic or non-volcanic hot water based on the examples of 7 well water groups in the various hydrothermal areas. The b/a values rapidly decreased from 2000 to 2003 and showed a further decrease until 2020 for the well waters from the Toya-ko and Sobetsu hydrothermal areas. This suggests that the groundwater with no volcanic reaction increased in the well water.
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Data availability
The original data of this study are available in the supplementary material of this article. Raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the staff members of Toya-ko spring association and Sobetsu spring association for the cooperation of sample collection. This investigation in Toya-ko and Sobetsu hydrothermal areas was supported financially by the Hokkaido government.
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All authors contributed to field surveys. KT was responsible for the study conception and design, and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Takano, K., Aoyanagi, N., Ichihashi, D. et al. Inter-annual variations in the chemical and thermal properties of well waters from the volcanic hydrothermal areas: Usu Volcano, Hokkaido, Japan. Limnology 25, 211–218 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-023-00736-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-023-00736-3