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Interspecific variation in ephippial size between Daphnia galeata and D. pulicaria in Lake Biwa, Japan

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Abstract

Daphnia, keystone herbivores in lakes, routinely produce immediately hatching eggs; additionally, they also produce resting eggs enveloped by an ephippial case, a thickened carapace that allows population survival under harsh environmental conditions. To examine differences in ephippial morphology between Daphnia species in different subgenera, we conducted microscopic observations and genetic analyses based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene in ephippia from surface sediment in Lake Biwa, Japan. The lengths and heights of ephippia identified as Daphnia galeata Sars (Hyalodaphnia) were less than 0.82 and 0.50 mm, respectively, whereas those of Daphnia pulicaria Forbes (Daphnia) were greater than 0.87 and 0.53 mm, respectively, with the ephippial lengths of the two species differing significantly. The results indicate that D. galeata and D. pulicaria inhabiting Lake Biwa can be distinguished based on ephippium size, with a boundary ephippium length of approximately 0.86 mm. In concordance with this inference, historical data indicated that the length of ephippia recovered from sediment cores did not exceed 0.86 mm prior to the 1980s when D. galeata was the predominant species; however, it exceeded the threshold after 2000, coinciding with the coexistence of D. galeata and D. pulicaria.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to H. Kudoh, S. Nakano, H. Iwata, M. Ochiai, S. Goda, T. Akatsuka, M. Shoji, M. Sakamoto, S. Kawabuchi, I. Hashimoto, and G. Mitamura for their assistance with laboratory analysis and field sampling. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C (No. 17K00528 to NT) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan, and also supported by the Kurita Water and Environment Foundation (Grant No.17B050 to MH). The Joint Usage/Research Grant of Center for Ecological Research (2017–2019 jurc-cer), Kyoto University and a project on Joint Usage/Research Center–Leading Academia in Marine and Environment Pollution Research (LaMer) of the Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, also supported this study.

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  1. Narumi K. Tsugeki and Mie N. Honjo have contributed equally to this study.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Law, Matsuyama University, 4-2 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8578, Japan

    Narumi K. Tsugeki

  2. Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano 2-509-3, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan

    Mie N. Honjo

  3. Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan

    Michinobu Kuwae

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  1. Narumi K. Tsugeki
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  2. Mie N. Honjo
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  3. Michinobu Kuwae
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Correspondence to Narumi K. Tsugeki.

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Tsugeki, N.K., Honjo, M.N. & Kuwae, M. Interspecific variation in ephippial size between Daphnia galeata and D. pulicaria in Lake Biwa, Japan. Limnology 22, 197–207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-020-00646-8

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