Abstract
Health inequalities exist between nations, regions, and even smaller units. In societies where social and economic structures change rapidly and continuously, analysis of health socioeconomic determinants plays a fundamental role to provide proper policy answers. This study aims to measure accurately two different conceptions of deprivation by developing two different indexes using non-compensatory among sub-indicators aggregation methods. The proposed indicators are compared with premature mortality to verify deprivation’s effect on health status. The results show that materially deprived areas are not necessarily socially deprived and vice versa. Material deprivation has a positive statistical co-graduation with premature mortality, while social deprivation has no association with premature mortality.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Analysis of main components on the 14 variables, varimax rotation, Kaiser Normalization, factor structure matrix
Variables | Factor I | Factor II | Factor III | Factor IV |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low education | 0.973 | 0.120 | 0.005 | 0.023 |
Income | 0.883 | 0.285 | 0.175 | 0.293 |
Overcrowding | 0.873 | 0.156 | − 0.063 | − 0.017 |
Born on the Islands or South Italy | 0.751 | 0.337 | 0.236 | − 0.134 |
Old Age Index | − 0.201 | − 0.884 | − 0.115 | − 0.128 |
Single elders | − 0.360 | − 0.830 | − 0.049 | 0.085 |
Resident foreigners | 0.025 | 0.618 | 0.338 | 0.614 |
Foreigners in school | 0.273 | 0.598 | 0.285 | 0.505 |
Families renting | 0.309 | 0.268 | 0.739 | − 0.147 |
Divorced | − 0.400 | − 0.193 | 0.762 | 0.088 |
Unemployment | 0.603 | 0.306 | 0.654 | 0.010 |
buildings in Mediocre or Bad State | 0.148 | 0.201 | 0.648 | 0.107 |
Single-parent families | − 0.176 | − 0.035 | 0.348 | − 0.789 |
Single-person families | − 0.390 | 0.019 | 0.459 | 0.753 |
Appendix 2
Explained total variance: extraction method analysis of main components
Component | Rotation sums square loadings | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Total | % of variance | Cumulative % | |
1 | 4.22 | 29.444 | 29.444 |
2 | 2.687 | 19.191 | 48.635 |
3 | 2.539 | 18.132 | 66.768 |
4 | 1.963 | 14.020 | 80.787 |
Appendix 3
MPI method: material and social deprivation
UU number | UU name | MPI material dep. | UU number | UU name | MPI social dep. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
39 | S. Vincenzo | 87.07 | 19 | Morego | 83.47 |
40 | Carignano | 87.16 | 12 | Borzoli ovest | 89.06 |
65 | Puggia | 87.43 | 20 | S. Quirico | 89.64 |
38 | Manin | 88.64 | 52 | S. Eusebio | 92.48 |
37 | Castelletto | 88.76 | 56 | Bavari | 92.65 |
64 | Lido | 88.92 | 54 | Doria | 94.05 |
62 | Albaro | 88.95 | 23 | Campi | 94.11 |
41 | Foce | 89.33 | 57 | S. Desiderio | 94.21 |
63 | S. Giuliano | 89.46 | 13 | Borzoli Est | 94.36 |
36 | S. Nicola | 90.15 | 8 | Multedo | 94.77 |
68 | Quartara | 90.70 | 53 | Molassana | 95.44 |
42 | Brignole | 91.51 | 55 | Prato | 95.50 |
70 | Quinto | 91.98 | 17 | Begato | 95.63 |
1 | Crevari | 93.42 | 11 | Calcinara | 96.14 |
7 | Pegli | 94.26 | 58 | Apparizione | 96.36 |
67 | Quarto | 95.01 | 4 | Palmaro | 96.49 |
56 | Bavari | 95.23 | 36 | S. Nicola | 97.20 |
71 | Nervi | 95.33 | 7 | Pegli | 97.22 |
27 | Belvedere | 95.96 | 48 | Forte quezzi | 97.44 |
69 | Castagna | 96.40 | 51 | Montesignano | 97.85 |
66 | Sturla | 96.41 | 37 | Castelletto | 98.07 |
58 | Apparizione | 97.19 | 6 | Castelluccio | 98.22 |
25 | S. Gaetano | 97.33 | 38 | Manin | 98.44 |
61 | S. Martino | 97.66 | 3 | Ca Nuova | 98.45 |
6 | Castelluccio | 97.75 | 1 | Crevari | 98.46 |
21 | Pontedecimo | 98.13 | 68 | Quartara | 98.59 |
43 | S. Agata | 98.33 | 30 | S. Teodoro | 98.61 |
8 | Multedo | 98.43 | 45 | Quezzi | 98.61 |
4 | Palmaro | 99.00 | 16 | Teglia | 98.85 |
44 | S. Fruttuoso | 99.18 | 2 | Voltri | 98.86 |
32 | Oregina | 99.52 | 65 | Puggia | 98.89 |
10 | S. Giovanni Battista | 99.58 | 21 | Pontedecimo | 98.95 |
2 | Voltri | 99.87 | 10 | S. Giovanni battista | 99.37 |
55 | Prato | 100.06 | 34 | Maddalena | 99.43 |
30 | S. Teodoro | 100.12 | 5 | Pra’ | 99.45 |
11 | Calcinara | 100.19 | 22 | Cornigliano | 99.46 |
12 | Borzoli ovest | 100.49 | 69 | Castagna | 99.51 |
60 | Chiappeto | 100.52 | 33 | Pre’ | 99.68 |
15 | Rivarolo | 100.77 | 70 | Quinto | 99.87 |
28 | S. Bartolomeo | 101.07 | 63 | S. Giuliano | 99.95 |
59 | Borgoratti | 101.34 | 35 | Molo | 100.21 |
9 | Sestri | 101.37 | 31 | Lagaccio | 100.35 |
53 | Molassana | 101.41 | 14 | Certosa | 100.39 |
48 | Forte quezzi | 101.42 | 40 | Carignano | 100.49 |
31 | Lagaccio | 101.61 | 15 | Rivarolo | 100.51 |
47 | Marassi | 101.88 | 62 | Albaro | 100.53 |
57 | S. Desiderio | 101.93 | 27 | Belvedere | 100.57 |
34 | Maddalena | 102.14 | 9 | Sestri | 100.80 |
51 | Montesignano | 102.47 | 60 | Chiappeto | 101.09 |
46 | Fereggiano | 102.60 | 64 | Lido | 101.17 |
26 | Sampierdarena | 102.82 | 32 | Oregina | 101.42 |
23 | Campi | 103.43 | 67 | Quarto | 101.49 |
50 | Pantaleo | 103.50 | 46 | Fereggiano | 101.81 |
52 | S. Eusebio | 103.56 | 71 | Nervi | 101.95 |
5 | Pra’ | 103.76 | 29 | Angeli | 101.97 |
13 | Borzoli est | 103.90 | 66 | Sturla | 102.31 |
14 | Certosa | 103.99 | 25 | S. Gaetano | 102.52 |
54 | Doria | 104.08 | 44 | S.Fruttuoso | 102.63 |
16 | Teglia | 104.24 | 49 | Parenzano | 102.70 |
45 | Quezzi | 104.96 | 26 | Sampierdarena | 102.92 |
20 | S. Quirico | 105.00 | 61 | S. Martino | 103.06 |
24 | Campasso | 105.10 | 39 | S. Vincenzo | 103.26 |
35 | Molo | 105.20 | 59 | Borgoratti | 103.55 |
22 | Cornigliano | 105.68 | 18 | Bolzaneto | 103.56 |
49 | Parenzano | 105.76 | 28 | S. Bartolomeo | 104.32 |
17 | Begato | 108.37 | 42 | Brignole | 104.67 |
33 | Pre’ | 108.43 | 41 | Foce | 105.12 |
29 | Angeli | 109.28 | 24 | Campasso | 105.24 |
18 | Bolzaneto | 109.45 | 50 | Pantaleo | 105.32 |
19 | Morego | 109.90 | 43 | S. Agata | 105.36 |
3 | Ca Nuova | 126.24 | 47 | Marassi | 107.36 |
Appendix 4
DP2 method: material and social deprivation
UU number | UU name | DP2 material dep. | UU number | UU name | DP2 social dep. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
40 | Carignano | 3,60 | 19 | Morego | 0.41 |
39 | S. Vincenzo | 3.68 | 20 | S. Quirico | 2.33 |
37 | Castelletto | 3.83 | 56 | Bavari | 2.99 |
65 | Puggia | 4.06 | 12 | Borzoli ovest | 3.68 |
36 | S. Nicola | 4.12 | 13 | Borzoli est | 4.05 |
41 | Foce | 4.66 | 35 | Molo | 4.16 |
38 | Manin | 4.91 | 34 | Maddalena | 4.17 |
63 | S. Giuliano | 4.96 | 54 | Doria | 4.23 |
62 | Albaro | 5.05 | 55 | Prato | 4.45 |
64 | Lido | 5.19 | 52 | S. Eusebio | 4.56 |
42 | Brignole | 5.24 | 58 | Apparizione | 4.68 |
68 | Quartara | 5.53 | 11 | Calcinara | 4.70 |
70 | Quinto | 6.10 | 33 | Pre’ | 4.72 |
7 | Pegli | 6.78 | 4 | Palmaro | 4.77 |
56 | Bavari | 7.00 | 53 | Molassana | 4.87 |
1 | Crevari | 7.21 | 8 | Multedo | 4.99 |
67 | Quarto | 7.26 | 36 | S. Nicola | 5.03 |
71 | Nervi | 7.48 | 7 | Pegli | 5.10 |
25 | S. Gaetano | 7.49 | 23 | Campi | 5.13 |
27 | Belvedere | 7.68 | 38 | Manin | 5.26 |
21 | Pontedecimo | 7.91 | 57 | S. Desiderio | 5.32 |
58 | Apparizione | 7.92 | 21 | Pontedecimo | 5.40 |
43 | S. Agata | 8.22 | 37 | Castelletto | 5.40 |
6 | Castelluccio | 8.26 | 30 | S. Teodoro | 5.46 |
66 | Sturla | 8.34 | 48 | Forte quezzi | 5.47 |
44 | S. Fruttuoso | 8.56 | 2 | Voltri | 5.51 |
69 | Castagna | 8.59 | 51 | Montesignano | 5.68 |
8 | Multedo | 8.60 | 1 | Crevari | 5.71 |
4 | Palmaro | 8.62 | 5 | Pra’ | 5.73 |
31 | Lagaccio | 9.00 | 17 | Begato | 5.75 |
32 | Oregina | 9.00 | 45 | Quezzi | 5.75 |
61 | S. Martino | 9.03 | 68 | Quartara | 5.84 |
2 | Voltri | 9.14 | 29 | Angeli | 5.85 |
11 | Calcinara | 9.16 | 16 | Teglia | 5.96 |
30 | S. Teodoro | 9.22 | 14 | Certosa | 5.98 |
10 | S. Giovanni battista | 9.31 | 27 | Belvedere | 5.99 |
55 | Prato | 9.42 | 9 | Sestri | 6.00 |
15 | Rivarolo | 9.51 | 22 | Cornigliano | 6.03 |
12 | Borzoli ovest | 9.63 | 31 | Lagaccio | 6.05 |
9 | Sestri | 9.65 | 63 | S. Giuliano | 6.08 |
53 | Molassana | 9.78 | 6 | Castelluccio | 6.11 |
60 | Chiappeto | 9.99 | 15 | Rivarolo | 6.14 |
51 | Montesignano | 10.01 | 10 | S. Giovanni battista | 6.14 |
48 | Forte quezzi | 10.09 | 71 | Nervi | 6.17 |
28 | S. Barbtolomeo | 10.13 | 60 | Chiappeto | 6.21 |
26 | Sampierdarena | 10.33 | 39 | S. Vincenzo | 6.29 |
57 | S. Desiderio | 10.36 | 70 | Quinto | 6.31 |
47 | Marassi | 10.49 | 64 | Lido | 6.37 |
59 | Borgoratti | 10.62 | 69 | Castagna | 6.47 |
5 | Pra’ | 10.63 | 32 | Oregina | 6.47 |
46 | Fereggiano | 10.71 | 40 | Carignano | 6.47 |
52 | S. Eusebio | 10.77 | 49 | Parenzano | 6.50 |
23 | Campi | 11.11 | 46 | Fereggiano | 6.56 |
14 | Certosa | 11.20 | 66 | Sturla | 6.57 |
22 | Cornigliano | 11.34 | 65 | Puggia | 6.62 |
34 | Maddalena | 11.37 | 62 | Albaro | 6.66 |
16 | Teglia | 11.38 | 44 | S. Fruttuoso | 6.74 |
50 | Pantaleo | 11.40 | 67 | Quarto | 6.77 |
24 | Campasso | 11.47 | 61 | S. Martino | 6.92 |
54 | Doria | 11.53 | 25 | S. Gaetano | 7.01 |
13 | Borzoli Est | 11.77 | 59 | Borgoratti | 7.01 |
45 | Quezzi | 11.82 | 26 | Sampierdarena | 7.01 |
20 | S. Quirico | 12.00 | 28 | S. Bartolomeo | 7.06 |
49 | Parenzano | 12.03 | 18 | Bolzaneto | 7.20 |
35 | Molo | 12.73 | 42 | Brignole | 7.26 |
18 | Bolzaneto | 13.39 | 43 | S. Agata | 7.27 |
17 | Begato | 13.41 | 50 | Pantaleo | 7.33 |
29 | Angeli | 14.56 | 41 | Foce | 7.59 |
33 | Pre’ | 14.77 | 24 | Campasso | 7.95 |
19 | Morego | 15.16 | 47 | Marassi | 8.12 |
3 | Ca Nuova | 22.57 | 3 | Ca Nuova | 8.44 |
Appendix 5
Cluster analysis results: classes of deprivation
Material deprivation class | UU number | UU name | Material index | Social deprivation class | UU number | UU name | Social index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 39 | S. Vincenzo | 87.07 | 1 | 19 | Morego | 83.47 |
1 | 40 | Carignano | 87.16 | 1 | 12 | Borzoli ovest | 89.06 |
1 | 65 | Puggia | 87.43 | 1 | 20 | S. Quirico | 89.64 |
1 | 38 | Manin | 88.64 | 1 | 52 | S. Eusebio | 92.48 |
1 | 37 | Castelletto | 88.76 | 1 | 56 | Bavari | 92.65 |
1 | 64 | Lido | 88.92 | 1 | 54 | Doria | 94.05 |
1 | 62 | Albaro | 88.95 | 1 | 23 | Campi | 94.11 |
1 | 41 | Foce | 89.33 | 1 | 57 | S. Desiderio | 94.21 |
1 | 63 | S. Giuliano | 89.46 | 1 | 13 | Borzoli Est | 94.36 |
1 | 36 | S. Nicola | 90.15 | 1 | 8 | Multedo | 94.77 |
1 | 68 | Quartara | 90.7 | 1 | 53 | Molassana | 95.44 |
1 | 42 | Brignole | 91.51 | 1 | 55 | Prato | 95.5 |
1 | 70 | Quinto | 91.98 | 1 | 17 | Begato | 95.63 |
2 | 1 | Crevari | 93.42 | 2 | 11 | Calcinara | 96.14 |
2 | 7 | Pegli | 94.26 | 2 | 58 | Apparizione | 96.36 |
2 | 67 | Quarto | 95.01 | 2 | 4 | Palmaro | 96.49 |
2 | 56 | Bavari | 95.23 | 2 | 36 | S. Nicola | 97.2 |
2 | 71 | Nervi | 95.33 | 2 | 7 | Pegli | 97.22 |
2 | 27 | Belvedere | 95.96 | 2 | 48 | Forte quezzi | 97.44 |
2 | 69 | Castagna | 96.4 | 2 | 51 | Montesignano | 97.85 |
2 | 66 | Sturla | 96.41 | 2 | 37 | Castelletto | 98.07 |
2 | 58 | Apparizione | 97.19 | 2 | 6 | Castelluccio | 98.22 |
2 | 25 | S. Gaetano | 97.33 | 2 | 38 | Manin | 98.44 |
2 | 61 | S. Martino | 97.66 | 2 | 3 | Ca Nuova | 98.45 |
2 | 6 | Castelluccio | 97.75 | 2 | 1 | Crevari | 98.46 |
2 | 21 | Pontedecimo | 98.13 | 2 | 68 | Quartara | 98.59 |
2 | 43 | S. Agata | 98.33 | 2 | 30 | S. Teodoro | 98.61 |
2 | 8 | Multedo | 98.43 | 2 | 45 | Quezzi | 98.61 |
3 | 4 | Palmaro | 99 | 3 | 16 | Teglia | 98.85 |
3 | 44 | S. Fruttuoso | 99.18 | 3 | 2 | Voltri | 98.86 |
3 | 32 | Oregina | 99.52 | 3 | 65 | Puggia | 98.89 |
3 | 10 | S. Giovanni battista | 99.58 | 3 | 21 | Pontedecimo | 98.95 |
3 | 2 | Voltri | 99.87 | 3 | 10 | S. Giovanni battista | 99.37 |
3 | 55 | Prato | 100.06 | 3 | 34 | Maddalena | 99.43 |
3 | 30 | S. Teodoro | 100.12 | 3 | 5 | Pra’ | 99.45 |
3 | 11 | Calcinara | 100.19 | 3 | 22 | Cornigliano | 99.46 |
3 | 12 | Borzoli ovest | 100.49 | 3 | 69 | Castagna | 99.51 |
3 | 60 | Chiappeto | 100.52 | 3 | 33 | Pre’ | 99.68 |
3 | 15 | Rivarolo | 100.77 | 3 | 70 | Quinto | 99.87 |
3 | 28 | S. Bartolomeo | 101.07 | 3 | 63 | S. Giuliano | 99.95 |
3 | 59 | Borgoratti | 101.34 | 3 | 35 | Molo | 100.21 |
3 | 9 | Sestri | 101.37 | 3 | 31 | Lagaccio | 100.35 |
3 | 53 | Molassana | 101.41 | 3 | 14 | Certosa | 100.39 |
3 | 48 | Forte quezzi | 101.42 | 3 | 40 | Carignano | 100.49 |
3 | 31 | Lagaccio | 101.61 | 3 | 15 | Rivarolo | 100.51 |
3 | 47 | Marassi | 101.88 | 3 | 62 | Albaro | 100.53 |
3 | 57 | S. Desiderio | 101.93 | 3 | 27 | Belvedere | 100.57 |
3 | 34 | Maddalena | 102.14 | 3 | 9 | Sestri | 100.8 |
3 | 51 | Montesignano | 102.47 | 3 | 60 | Chiappeto | 101.09 |
3 | 46 | Fereggiano | 102.6 | 3 | 64 | Lido | 101.17 |
3 | 26 | Sampierdarena | 102.82 | 3 | 32 | Oregina | 101.42 |
4 | 23 | Campi | 103.43 | 4 | 67 | Quarto | 101.49 |
4 | 50 | Pantaleo | 103.5 | 4 | 46 | Fereggiano | 101.81 |
4 | 52 | S. Eusebio | 103.56 | 4 | 71 | Nervi | 101.95 |
4 | 5 | Pra’ | 103.76 | 4 | 29 | Angeli | 101.97 |
4 | 13 | Borzoli EST | 103.9 | 4 | 66 | Sturla | 102.31 |
4 | 14 | Certosa | 103.99 | 4 | 25 | S. Gaetano | 102.52 |
4 | 54 | Doria | 104.08 | 4 | 44 | S. Fruttuoso | 102.63 |
4 | 16 | Teglia | 104.24 | 4 | 49 | Parenzano | 102.7 |
4 | 45 | Quezzi | 104.96 | 4 | 26 | Sampierdarena | 102.92 |
4 | 20 | S. Quirico | 105 | 4 | 61 | S. Martino | 103.06 |
4 | 24 | Campasso | 105.1 | 4 | 39 | S. Vincenzo | 103.26 |
4 | 35 | Molo | 105.2 | 4 | 59 | Borgoratti | 103.55 |
4 | 22 | Cornigliano | 105.68 | 4 | 18 | Bolzaneto | 103.56 |
4 | 49 | Parenzano | 105.76 | 4 | 28 | S. Bartolomeo | 104.32 |
5 | 17 | Begato | 108.37 | 5 | 42 | Brignole | 104.67 |
5 | 33 | Pre’ | 108.43 | 5 | 41 | Foce | 105.12 |
5 | 29 | Angeli | 109.28 | 5 | 24 | Campasso | 105.24 |
5 | 18 | Bolzaneto | 109.45 | 5 | 50 | Pantaleo | 105.32 |
5 | 19 | Morego | 109.9 | 5 | 43 | S. Agata | 105.36 |
5 | 3 | Ca Nuova | 126.24 | 5 | 47 | Marassi | 107.36 |
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Bruzzi, C., Ivaldi, E. & Landi, S. Non-compensatory aggregation method to measure social and material deprivation in an urban area: relationship with premature mortality. Eur J Health Econ 21, 381–396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01139-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-019-01139-x