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Does socioeconomic status affect lengthy wait time in Canada? Evidence from Canadian Community Health Surveys

The European Journal of Health Economics volume 19, pages 369–383 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Reasonable access to health services without financial or other barriers is a primary objective of the Canadian health system. Notwithstanding such concern about accessibility of services, long waiting times for health services have been a prominent health policy issue in recent years. Using pooled data from four nationally representative Canadian Community Health Surveys (CCHSs, 2000/01, 2003, 2005 and 2010; n = 266,962) we examine socioeconomic inequality in lengthy wait time (LWT) to health care among adults (aged 18–65) in Canada. The relative and absolute concentration indices (RC and AC, respectively) are used to quantify income-related inequality in LWT in Canada and for its provinces. Additionally, we decompose the RC and AC indices to identify factors affecting income-related inequality in LWT. Our descriptive results show that, on average, 5% of Canadian adults experienced LWT to access health services in the past 12 months. While 3% of the residents of British Columbia and Saskatchewan reported LWT to access health care services, this figure was 7% in Quebec. Our findings also demonstrated that LWT was mainly concentrated among the poor in Canada [RC = −0.039; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.049 to −0.028 and AC = −0.067; CI −0.086 to −0.049]. The RC and AC suggested statistically significant pro-rich inequality of LWT in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and British Columbia. Decomposition analyses indicate that, besides income itself, health status (measured by a set of 15 chronic condition indicators), immigration status and geographical factors were the most important factors contributing to the concentration of LWT among the poor in Canada. These results provide some evidence that low-income individuals tend to have lengthier wait times for publicly-funded health care in Canada in comparison to their high-income counterparts. The observed negative gradient between income and long waiting time may be interpreted as evidence of socioeconomic inequity within Canadian health care system. Thus, further work is required to understand the mechanisms explaining the concentration of long wait time among the poor in Canada.

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Notes

  1. Approximately two-thirds of Canadians have private insurance for health services not covered by Medicare [55].

  2. Using a linear probability model (LPM) in the decomposition analysis yielded similar results.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank two anonymous reviewers of this journal for their thoughtful comments, which substantially improved the manuscript. I also would like to thank Nila Joshi and Min Hu for their research assistance. Also, I would like to thank Yukiko Asada, Grant Gibson and participants at the 50th Annual Conference of the Canadian Economics Association Conference and 11th European Conference on Health Economics. As well, comments from seminar participants at the Community Health & Epidemiology seminar series at Dalhousie University were most useful.

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  1. School of Health Administration, Faculty of Health Professions, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, 2nd Floor, Halifax, NS, Canada

    Mohammad Hajizadeh

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Correspondence to Mohammad Hajizadeh.

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The author acknowledges funding for this research provided by the Faculty of Health Professions Research Development Grant, Dalhousie University.

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Hajizadeh, M. Does socioeconomic status affect lengthy wait time in Canada? Evidence from Canadian Community Health Surveys. Eur J Health Econ 19, 369–383 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-017-0889-3

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Keywords

  • Socioeconomic status
  • Wait time
  • Absolute and relative inequalities
  • Decomposition
  • Canada

JEL Classification

  • I14
  • D63
  • I18