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Résultats des programmes de récompenses ou d’incitation à la performance (P4P)

Results of pay for performance programmes in healthcares (P4P)

  • Point de vue de L’expert / Expert’s Point of View
  • Published:
Acta Endoscopica

Résumé

Le paiement pour la performance (P4P), initialement décrit pour aligner le paiement sur la valeur de l’activité médicale, a donné des résultats insuffisants eu égard à l’investissement consenti. La prise en compte d’une mesure agrégée du P4P est usuelle, et les méthodes de validation sont nombreuses, mais peu arbitrent la pondération entre les mesures de performance de l’acte et celles du suivi et du pronostic. Le paiement pour la qualité (P4Q) peut se décliner selon quatre modes: paiement forfaitaire à la pathologie pour un temps donné, paiement à la coordination et organisation des ressources dans une zone géographique, paiement global et mutualisé à un groupe de médecins ayant choisi les mêmes objectifs et l’incitation financière des patients aux modifications des comportements à risque pour leur santé. Ainsi, parmi les dix programmes de qualité qui ciblaient des actions de prévention, trois montraient une amélioration significative de la qualité, quatre une amélioration partielle pour certains critères et trois une absence d’amélioration. Trois programmes ciblaient les soins de maladies chroniques (troubles mentaux, diabète) et étaient associés, après incitation financière, à une amélioration du pronostic. L’incitation idéale d’un programme pour la qualité semble être le paiement sur le mode prime-pénalité, per capita, ajusté au risque ou aux comorbidités par mesure du pronostic effectif ou observé, qui apparaît comme le mode de rémunération médicale à privilégier; il permet à coût constant d’intégrer dans la pratique la qualité comme référence partielle de valorisation des soins. La validation du concept par des études « expérimentales » vient d’être récemment démontrée par les résultats obtenus dans un des états américains sous la forme d’un budget de trois millions de $ US pour trois ans octroyés par un organisme payeur regroupant 125 000 « adhérents ou assurés médicaux », c’est-à-dire 25 $ US par assuré ou 8,3 $ US par adhérent et par an.

Abstract

Payment-for-performance was originally devised to align remuneration with the value of medical intervention. It has yielded results, which are not commensurate with the agreed investment. Usually, an accepted measure of payment-for-performance is adopted and there are numerous methods of validation, but few of these involve a relative weighting between measures of performance of the intervention and those of follow-up and prognosis. Payment-for-quality can be handled in four ways. The first is a fixed tariff for a condition for a given time. The second is payment for coordination and organisation of resources over a geographical area. The third is an overall and mutualised payment to a group of doctors where the same objectives have been agreed upon. Fourthly, there is financial inducement of patients to change behaviour, associated to a decrease of their health status. Thus, of the 10 quality programmes, which targeted preventive action, 3 showed a significant improvement in quality, 4 showed a partial improvement in some aspects and 3 showed no improvement. Three programmes targeted management of chronic diseases (mental illness, diabetes) and resulted in an improvement in prognosis in response to a financial reward. The most effective inducement to improve quality seems to be a capitation payment based on a system of rewards and fines. This is adjusted for risk and for comorbidity using a measure of actual or observed prognosis. This appears to be the method of choice for remunerating doctors. It allows, in a cost-neutral way, for the incorporation of quality into practice as a standard part of the addition of value to care. The validation of this concept and of related “experimental” studies has recently been derived from results in one of the states in the US, where a budget of US$3 million was assigned for 3 years by a paying organisation comprising 125,000 “subscribers or medically insured persons”, equivalent to US$25 per subscriber or US$8.3 per subscriber per year.

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Correspondence to D. Heresbach.

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Heresbach, D. Résultats des programmes de récompenses ou d’incitation à la performance (P4P). Acta Endosc 41, 115–122 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10190-011-0163-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10190-011-0163-y

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