Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Current strategies for microRNA research

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Modern Rheumatology

Abstract

The short ribonucleic acid molecules (20–24 nucleotides) known as microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that disrupt translation or degrade target mRNAs posttranscriptionally in a sequence-specific manner, and the miRNA may not be completely complementary to its targets. This class of RNAs is thought to be functionally important because many individual miRNAs are evolutionally conserved across widely diverse phyla. Further, miRNAs are associated with diverse biological phenomena, such as cell growth, apoptosis, development, differentiation, cancer, and arthritis. MicroRNA research is one of a number of rapidly evolving fields of basic and biomedical science, with many new techniques being developed. However, miRNA experiments require modifications of preexisting molecular techniques or specialized methods, given the difficulties stemming from their small size. In this review, we summarize current in-silico and biochemical strategies for miRNA research to outline the current status of the research techniques now being employed to find a new direction in the field.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Filipowicz W. RNAi: the nuts and bolts of the RISC machine. Cell. 2005;122:17–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Guo H, Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Bartel DP. Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels. Nature. 2010;466:835–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hammond SM. Dicing and slicing: the core machinery of the RNA interference pathway. FEBS Lett. 2005;579:5822–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature. 2002;418:244–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Mattick JS, Makunin IV. Small regulatory RNAs in mammals. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:R121–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T. Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs. Science. 2001;294:853–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lau NC, Lim LP, Weinstein EG, Bartel DP. An abundant class of tiny RNAs with probable regulatory roles in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 2001;294:858–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lee RC, Ambros V. An extensive class of small RNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Science. 2001;294:862–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Pasquinelli AE, Reinhart BJ, Slack F, Martindale MQ, Kuroda MI, Maller B, Hayward DC, Ball EE, Degnan B, Müller P, Spring J, Srinivasan A, Fishman M, Finnerty J, Corbo J, Levine M, Leahy P, Davidson E, Ruvkun G (2000) Conservation of the sequence and temporal expression of let-7 heterochronic regulatory RNA. Nature 408:86–89.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, Alvarez-Saavedra E, Lamb J, Peck D, Sweet-Cordero A, Ebert BL, Mak RH, Ferrando AA, Downing JR, Jacks T, Horvitz HR, Golub TR. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature. 2005;435:834–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, Hammond SM. A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature. 2005;435:828–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hayashita Y, Osada H, Tatematsu Y, Yamada H, Yanagisawa K, Tomida S, Yatabe Y, Kawahara K, Sekido Y, Takahashi T. A polycistronic microRNA cluster, miR-17-92, is overexpressed in human lung cancers and enhances cell proliferation. Cancer Res. 2005;65:9628–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hébert SS, Horré K, Nicolaï L, Papadopoulou AS, Mandemakers W, Silahtaroglu AN, Kauppinen S, Delacourte A, De Strooper B. Loss of microRNA cluster miR-29a/b-1 in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease correlates with increased BACE1/beta-secretase expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:6415–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Saba R, Goodman CD, Huzarewich RL, Robertson C, Booth SA (2008) A miRNA signature of prion induced neurodegeneration. PLoS ONE 3e:3652.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Poy MN, Eliasson L, Krutzfeldt J, Kuwajima S, Ma X, Macdonald PE, Pfeffer S, Tuschl T, Rajewsky N, Rorsman P, Stoffel M. A pancreatic islet-specific microRNA regulates insulin secretion. Nature. 2004;432:226–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Tang X, Tang G, Ozcan S. Role of microRNAs in diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008;1779:697–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Lovis P, Roggli E, Laybutt DR, Gattesco S, Yang JY, Widmann C, Abderrahmani A, Regazzi R. Alterations in microRNA expression contribute to fatty acid-induced pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Diabetes. 2008;57:2728–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Pfeffer S, Zavolan M, Grässer FA, Chien M, Russo JJ, Ju J, John B, Enright AJ, Marks D, Sander C, Tuschl T. Identification of virus-encoded microRNAs. Science. 2004;304:734–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Pfeffer S, Sewer A, Lagos-Quintana M, Sheridan R, Sander C, Grässer FA, van Dyk LF, Ho CK, Shuman S, Chien M, Russo JJ, Ju J, Randall G, Lindenbach BD, Rice CM, Simon V, Ho DD, Zavolan M, Tuschl T. Identification of microRNAs of the herpesvirus family. Nat Methods. 2005;2:269–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ghosh Z, Mallick B, Chakrabarti J. Cellular versus viral microRNAs in host–virus interaction. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009;37:1035–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sayed D, Hong C, Chen IY, Lypowy J, Abdellatif M. MicroRNAs play an essential role in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res. 2007;100:416–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, Galuppo P, Just S, Rottbauer W, Frantz S, Castoldi M, Soutschek J, Koteliansky V, Rosenwald A, Basson MA, Licht JD, Pena JT, Rouhanifard SH, Muckenthaler MU, Tuschl T, Martin GR, Bauersachs J, Engelhardt S. MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts. Nature. 2008;456:980–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Morton SU, Scherz PJ, Cordes KR, Ivey KN, Stainier DY, Srivastava D. microRNA-138 modulates cardiac patterning during embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:17830–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tan Z, Randall G, Fan J, Camoretti-Mercado B, Brockman-Schneider R, Pan L, Solway J, Gern JE, Lemanske RF, Nicolae D, Ober C. Allele-specific targeting of microRNAs to HLA-G and risk of asthma. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81:829–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stanczyk J, Pedrioli DM, Brentano F, Sanchez-Pernaute O, Kolling C, Gay RE, Detmar M, Gay S, Kyburz D. Altered expression of microRNA in synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1001–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Nakasa T, Miyaki S, Okubo A, Hashimoto M, Nishida K, Ochi M, Asahara H. Expression of microRNA-146 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:1284–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Dai Y, Huang YS, Tang M, Lv TY, Hu CX, Tan YH, Xu ZM, Yin YB. Microarray analysis of microRNA expression in peripheral blood cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Lupus. 2007;16:939–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Miyaki S, Nakasa T, Otsuki S, Grogan SP, Higashiyama R, Inoue A, et al. MicroRNA-140 is expressed in differentiated human articular chondrocytes and modulates interleukin-1 responses. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2723–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Stanczyk J, Ospelt C, Karouzakis E, Filer A, Raza K, Kolling C, et al. Altered expression of microRNA-203 in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and its role in fibroblast activation. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:373–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lee Y, Kim M, Han J, Yeom KH, Lee S, Baek SH, Kim VN. MicroRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II. EMBO J. 2004;23:4051–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H, Kim J, Yim J, Lee J, Provost P, Rådmark O, Kim S, Kim VN. The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature. 2003;425:415–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bohnsack MT, Czaplinski K, Gorlich D. Exportin 5 is a RanGTP-dependent dsRNA-binding protein that mediates nuclear export of pre-miRNAs. RNA. 2004;10:185–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Brownawell AM, Macara IG. Exportin-5, a novel karyopherin, mediates nuclear export of double-stranded RNA binding proteins. J Cell Biol. 2002;156:53–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lund E, Güttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U. Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science. 2004;303:95–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shibata S, Sasaki M, Miki T, Shimamoto A, Furuichi Y, Katahira J, Yoneda Y. Exportin-5 orthologues are functionally divergent among species. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:4711–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev. 2003;17:3011–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hutvagner G, Simard MJ, Mello CC, Zamore PD. Sequence-specific inhibition of small RNA function. PLoS Biol. 2004;2:E98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ketting RF, Fischer SE, Bernstein E, Sijen T, Hannon GJ, Plasterk RH. Dicer functions in RNA interference and in synthesis of small RNA involved in developmental timing in C. elegans. Genes Dev. 2001;15:2654–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Okamura K, Hagen JW, Duan H, Tyler DM, Lai EC. The mirtron pathway generates microRNA-class regulatory RNAs in Drosophila. Cell. 2007;130:89–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Berezikov E, Chung WJ, Willis J, Cuppen E, Lai EC. Mammalian mirtron genes. Mol Cell. 2007;28:328–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Cheloufi S, Dos Santos CO, Chong MM, Hannon GJ. A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis. Nature. 2010;465:584–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Parker JS, Barford D. Argonaute: a scaffold for the function of short regulatory RNAs. Trends Biochem Sci. 2006;31:622–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lim LP, Lau NC, Garrett-Engele P, Grimson A, Schelter JM, Castle J, Bartel DP, Linsley PS, Johnson JM. Microarray analysis shows that some microRNAs downregulate large numbers of target mRNAs. Nature. 2005;433:769–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Calin GA, Croce CM. MicroRNA signatures in human cancers. Nat Rev Cancer. 2006;6:857–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell. 2004;116:281–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Farh KK, et al. The widespread impact of mammalian microRNAs on mRNA repression and evolution. Science. 2005;310:1817–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Zhao Y, et al. Dysregulation of cardiogenesis, cardiac conduction, and cell cycle in mice lacking miRNA-1-2. Cell. 2007;129:303–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. van Rooij E, et al. Control of stress-dependent cardiac growth and gene expression by a microRNA. Science. 2007;316:575–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Thai TH, et al. Regulation of the germinal center response by microRNA-155. Science. 2007;316:604–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Rodriguez A, et al. Requirement of bic/microRNA-155 for normal immune function. Science. 2007;316:608–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lecellier CH, et al. A cellular microRNA mediates antiviral defense in human cells. Science. 2005;308:557–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Abelson JF, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Calin GA, et al. MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:11755–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Calin GA, et al. Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99:15524–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cimmino A, et al. miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:13944–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Dews M, et al. Augmentation of tumor angiogenesis by a Myc-activated microRNA cluster. Nat Genet. 2006;38:1060–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Voorhoeve PM, et al. A genetic screen implicates miRNA-372 and miRNA-373 as oncogenes in testicular germ cell tumors. Cell. 2006;124:1169–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Zhou B, et al. miR-150, a microRNA expressed in mature B and T cells, blocks early B cell development when expressed prematurely. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:7080–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Taganov KD, et al. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103:12481–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lu LF, et al. Function of miR-146a in controlling Treg cell-mediated regulation of Th1 responses. Cell. 2010;142:914–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Yamasaki K, et al. Expression of microRNA-146a in osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1035–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Yang B, et al. The muscle-specific microRNA miR-1 regulates cardiac arrhythmogenic potential by targeting GJA1 and KCNJ2. Nat Med. 2007;13:486–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Care A, et al. MicroRNA-133 controls cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Med. 2007;13:613–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Miyaki S, Sato T, Inoue A, Otsuki S, Ito Y, Yokoyama S, et al. MicroRNA-140 plays dual roles in both cartilage development and homeostasis. Genes Dev. 2010;24:1173–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Várallyay E, Burgyán J, Havelda Z. MicroRNA detection by northern blotting using locked nucleic acid probes. Nat Protoc. 2008;3:190–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Válóczi A, Hornyik C, Varga N, Burgyán J, Kauppinen S, Havelda Z. Sensitive and specific detection of microRNAs by northern blot analysis using LNA-modified oligonucleotide probes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:e175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Varkonyi-Gasic E, Hellens RP. Quantitative stem-loop RT-PCR for detection of microRNAs. Methods Mol Biol. 2011;744:145–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Takada S, Berezikov E, Yamashita Y, Lagos-Quintana M, Kloosterman WP, Enomoto M, Hatanaka H, Fujiwara S, Watanabe H, Soda M, Choi YL, Plasterk RH, Cuppen E, Mano H. Mouse microRNA profiles determined with a new and sensitive cloning method. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:e115.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Takada S, Mano H. Profiling of microRNA expression by mRAP. Nat Protoc. 2007;2:3136–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Mano H, Takada S. mRAP, a sensitive method for determination of microRNA expression profiles. Methods. 2007;3:118–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Kloosterman WP, Wienholds E, de Bruijn E, Kauppinen S, Plasterk RH. In situ detection of miRNAs in animal embryos using LNA-modified oligonucleotide probes. Nat Methods. 2006;3:27–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mansfield JH, Harfe BD, Nissen R, Obenauer J, Srineel J, Chaudhuri A, Farzan-Kashani R, Zuker M, Pasquinelli AE, Ruvkun G, Sharp PA, Tabin CJ, McManus MT. MicroRNA-responsive ‘sensor’ transgenes uncover Hox-like and other developmentally regulated patterns of vertebrate microRNA expression. Nat Genet. 2004;36:1079–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Krek A, Grün D, Poy MN, Wolf R, Rosenberg L, Epstein EJ, MacMenamin P, da Piedade I, Gunsalus KC, Stoffel M, Rajewsky N. Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet. 2005;37:495–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Lewis BP, Shih IH, Jones-Rhoades MW, Bartel DP, Burge CB. Prediction of mammalian microRNA targets. Cell. 2003;115:787–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Enright AJ, John B, Gaul U, Tuschl T, Sander C, Marks DS. MicroRNA targets in Drosophila. Genome Biol. 2003;5:R1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Griffiths-Jones S, Saini HK, van Dongen S, Enright AJ. miRBase: tools for microRNA genomics. Nucleic Acids Res. 2008;36(Database issue):D154–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kertesz M, Iovino N, Unnerstall U, Gaul U, Segal E. The role of site accessibility in microRNA target recognition. Nat Genet. 2007;39:1278–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Licatalosi DD, Mele A, Fak JJ, Ule J, Kayikci M, Chi SW, Clark TA, Schweitzer AC, Blume JE, Wang X, Darnell JC, Darnell RB. HITS-CLIP yields genome-wide insights into brain alternative RNA processing. Nature. 2008;456:464–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Chi SW, Zang JB, Mele A, Darnell RB. Argonaute HITS-CLIP decodes microRNA–mRNA interaction maps. Nature. 2009;460:479–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mann M. Functional and quantitative proteomics using SILAC. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2006;7:952–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ong SE, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I, Kristensen DB, Steen H, Pandey A, Mann M. Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC, as a simple and accurate approach to expression proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2002;1:376–86.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Selbach M, Schwanhäusser B, Thierfelder N, Fang Z, Khanin R, Rajewsky N. Widespread changes in protein synthesis induced by microRNAs. Nature. 2008;455:58–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Baek D, Villéén J, Shin C, Camargo FD, Gygi SP, Bartel DP. The impact of microRNAs on protein output. Nature. 2008;455:64–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Krützfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M, Stoffel M. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with ‘antagomirs’. Nature. 2005;438:685–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Chen CZ, Lodish HF. MicroRNAs as regulators of mammalian hematopoiesis. Semin Immunol. 2005;17:155–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hutvágner G, McLachlan J, Pasquinelli AE, Bálint E, Tuschl T, Zamore PD. A cellular function for the RNA-interference enzyme Dicer in the maturation of the let-7 small temporal RNA. Science. 2001;293:834–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Meister G, Landthaler M, Dorsett Y, Tuschl T. Sequence-specific inhibition of microRNA- and siRNA-induced RNA silencing. RNA. 2004;10:544–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Zhao Y, Samal E, Srivastava D. Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature. 2005;436:214–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Elmén J, Lindow M, Schütz S, Lawrence M, Petri A, Obad S, Lindholm M, Hedtjärn M, Hansen HF, Berger U, Gullans S, Kearney P, Sarnow P, Straarup EM, Kauppinen S. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature. 2008;452:896–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Harfe BD, McManus MT, Mansfield JH, Hornstein E, Tabin CJ. The RNaseIII enzyme Dicer is required for morphogenesis but not patterning of the vertebrate limb. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:10898–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (23570265) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (to S.T.) and by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) from the Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST) (to H.A.).

Conflict of interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan

    Shuji Takada & Hiroshi Asahara

  2. Department of Systems BioMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan

    Hiroshi Asahara

  3. CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Hon-machi, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0011, Japan

    Hiroshi Asahara

Authors
  1. Shuji Takada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hiroshi Asahara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shuji Takada or Hiroshi Asahara.

About this article

Cite this article

Takada, S., Asahara, H. Current strategies for microRNA research. Mod Rheumatol 22, 645–653 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-011-0583-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10165-011-0583-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation