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Review of carbon sequestration by alkaline industrial wastes: potential applications in landfill biogeochemical cover systems

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Abstract

The surge in global industrialization has significantly increased greenhouse gas concentrations in the Earth's atmosphere, with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the predominant contributor to about two-thirds of the greenhouse effect. Landfill gas (LFG), resulting from the biodegradation of municipal solid waste (MSW), mainly consists of methane (CH4) and CO2. To counteract uncontrolled CO2 emissions from waste decomposition, an innovative, low-cost biogeochemical cover (BGCC) system for landfills utilizing biochar-amended soil and basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slag for CO2 carbonation has been developed. Despite the effectiveness of BOF slag in CO2 removal, its limited availability near landfill sites presents sustainability challenges, necessitating the search for viable alternatives within the BGCC system that can achieve efficient CO2 sequestration through direct aqueous mineral carbonation. This review explores various carbon sequestration techniques, identifying potential alkaline industrial solid wastes as substitutes for BOF slag, and evaluates these materials—namely cement kiln dust (CKD), blast furnace (BF) slag, coal fly ash (CFA), and concrete waste—for their compatibility with the BGCC system. CKD is highlighted as having the highest carbonation potential based on its capacity for direct aqueous carbonation, with a comparative analysis revealing substantial differences in the carbonation capacities of the materials. Given the fine-grained nature of the selected materials, the review also emphasizes the need to integrate them into barrier soil layers or use them as standalone layers within the BGCC. In conclusion, this review accentuates the potential of alternative materials in achieving effective CO2 sequestration within BGCC, thereby addressing the challenges related to the availability of BOF slag and promoting sustainable landfill management practices.

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Abbreviations

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CH4 :

Methane

CFCs:

Chlorofluorocarbons

NOAA:

National oceanic and atmospheric administration

PPM:

Parts per million

CCS:

Carbon capture and storage

Ca:

Calcium

Mg:

Magnesium

MSW:

Municipal solid waste

CKD:

Cement kiln dust

BF slag:

Blast furnace slag

BOF slag:

Basic oxygen furnace slag

CFA:

Coal fly ash

CCFA:

Class C coal fly ash

LFG:

Landfill gas

H+ :

Hydrogen ion

CO3 2 − :

Carbonate ion

H2S:

Hydrogen sulfide

BGCC:

Biogeochemical cover

CaO:

Calcium oxide

MgO:

Magnesium oxide

H2CO3 :

Carbonic acid

CaCO3 :

Calcite / Calcium carbonate

MgCO3 :

Magnesite / Magnesium carbonate

CH3COOH:

Acetic acid

NaOH:

Sodium hydroxide

NH4HSO4 :

Ammonium bisulfate

NH3 :

Ammonia

NH4HCO3 :

Ammonium bicarbonate

(NH4)2SO4 :

Ammonium sulfate

CaSO4 :

Calcium sulfate

MgSO4 :

Magnesium sulfate

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

HNO3 :

Nitric acid

HCL:

Hydrochloric acid

PPMV:

Parts per million by volume

Ca(OH)2 :

Portlandite / Calcium hydroxide

Ca6(Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12.26H2O:

Ettringite

Ca2Al2SiO7 :

Gehlenite

Ca2Mg(Si2O7):

Akermanite

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

TCLP:

Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure

SPLP:

Synthetic precipitation leaching procedure

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  1. Department of Civil, Materials, and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA

    Gaurav Verma & Krishna R. Reddy

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  1. Gaurav Verma
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Gaurav Verma: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, writing—original draft, Krishna R. Reddy: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, resources, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

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Verma, G., Reddy, K.R. Review of carbon sequestration by alkaline industrial wastes: potential applications in landfill biogeochemical cover systems. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01975-x

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