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Recovery of precious metals from e-wastes through conventional and phytoremediation treatment methods: a review and prediction

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Abstract

E-waste, also known as waste from electrical and electronic equipment, is a solid waste that accumulates quickly due to high demand driven by the market for replacing newer electrical and electronic products. The global e-waste generation is estimated to be between 53.6 million tons, and it is increasing by 3–5% per year. Metals make-up approximately 30% of e-waste, which contains precious elements Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, and other high-value elements, valued at USD 57 billion, which is driving the e-waste recycling industry. It is noteworthy that the recycling of precious elements from e-waste has emerged as a profitable enterprise in several parts of developing nations. E-waste contains 50–100 times higher levels of precious metals compared to natural ores, making it suitable for mining. E-waste recycling in developing nations, mostly occurs through the informal sector comprising manual collection, crushing, segregation and selling of precious elements, such as Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Pt, and other rare elements (Nd, In, and Ga). The organized sector, on the other hand, mostly employs mechano-chemical methods, such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and bio-hydrometallurgy, which have serious environmental consequences. Both the informal and formal sectors of e-waste processing lead to the leaching of toxic elements into groundwater and soils. Owing to the lesser efficiency of greener technologies, such as phytoremediation and bioremediation, their use in precious metal extraction is very limited. However, this review explores several hyper-accumulating and tolerant plants viz. Brassica juncea and Berkheya coddii, which holds great potential in phytomining of precious metal from e-waste. Thus, the state of the art in precious metal extraction from e-waste as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different metal extraction technologies has been reviewed.

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Acknowledgements

The authors (K, SM) are thankful to the Director NBRI for providing necessary financial support (OLP0102) and infrastructure. The authors (NHZ, CCN) are thankful to Xiamen University Malaysia for providing the necessary support. The MS was subjected to Ethical checking through the “Ethical clearance committee”, upon scrutiny the MS has been allotted a “CSIR-NBRI_MS/2022/01/10” as identification number.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University, Malaysia (XMUM), Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

    Nur Hanis Zulkernain & Chuck Chuan Ng

  2. Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow Deva Road, Barabanki, 226019, India

    Nikita Basant

  3. Plant Ecology and Climate Change Science Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Kriti & Shekhar Mallick

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Kerman, Iran

    Marjan Salari

Authors
  1. Nur Hanis Zulkernain
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  2. Nikita Basant
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  3. Chuck Chuan Ng
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  4. Kriti
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  5. Marjan Salari
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  6. Shekhar Mallick
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Chuck Chuan Ng or Shekhar Mallick.

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Zulkernain, N.H., Basant, N., Ng, C.C. et al. Recovery of precious metals from e-wastes through conventional and phytoremediation treatment methods: a review and prediction. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 25, 2726–2752 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-023-01717-5

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