Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of ZnCl2 impregnation ratio on pore structure of activated carbons prepared from cattle manure compost: application of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Activated carbons were prepared from cattle manure compost (CMC) by ZnCl2 activation with various ZnCl2/CMC mass ratios. Based on the N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, mathematical models including the Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) equation, the αs plot, and the Horvath-Kawazoe method were used to analyze the pore structural characteristics of the prepared activated carbons. It was found that for carbons possessing both micro-and mesopores, the DR method provided a more accurate estimation than the αs method for the extent of microporosity. The effect of the ZnCl2 impregnation ratio on the pore structure was discussed using the DR method. The results revealed that pore evolution involved three distinct regions with increases in the amount of impregnated ZnCl2: raising the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.00 to 0.50 resulted in a 19-fold increase in micropore volume (Vme D) but caused no change in the mesopore volume (Vme D); increasing the ZnCl2/CMC mass ratio from 0.50 to 1.00 led to an increment in Vmi D of about 50% and in Vme D of 170%; while raising the ratio from 1.50 to 2.50 caused a slight decrease in Vmi D but a 200% increment in the value of Vme D.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Rozada F, Otero M, Garcia AI (2005) Activated carbons from sewage sludge and discarded tyres: production and optimization. J Hazard Mater B124:181–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bansal RC, Donnet JB, Stoeckli HF (1988) Active carbon. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–25

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wu FC, Tseng RL, Hu CC (2005) Comparisons of pore properties and adsorption performance of KOH-activated and steam-activated carbons. Micropor Mesopor Mater 80:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Tseng RL, Tseng SK (2005) Pore structure and adsorption performance of the KOH-activated carbons prepared from corncob. J Colloid Interface Sci 287:428–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kikuchi Y, Qian Q, Machida M, Tatsumoto H (2006) Effect of ZnO loading to activated carbon on Pb(II) adsorption from aqueous solution. Carbon 44:195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Machida M, Mochimaru T, Tatsumoto H (2006) Lead (II) adsorption onto the graphene layer of carbonaceous materials in aqueous solution. Carbon 44:2681–2688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Kato Y, Machida M, Qian Q, Tatsumoto H (2006) Influence of surface functional groups and solution pH on removal of organic compounds and a heavy metal by activated carbon (in Japanese). Tanso 223:215–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lua AC, Yang T (2005) Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen and vacuum conditions. J Colloid Interface Sci 290:505–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Stavropoulos GG, Zabaniotou AA (2005) Production and characterization of activated carbons from olive-seed waste residue. Micopor Mesopor Mater 82:79–85

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lua AC, Lua FY, Guo J (2006) Influence of pyrolysis conditions on pore development of oil-palm-shell activated carbon. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 76:96–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Gregg SJ, Sing KSW (1982) Adsorption, surface area and porosity. Academic, New York, pp 10

    Google Scholar 

  12. Li Z, Kruk M, Jaroniec M, Ryu SK (1998) Characterization of structural and surface properties of activated carbon fibers. J Colloid Interface Sci 204:151–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mattson JS, Marck HB (1971) Activated carbon. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gomez-Serrano V, Cuerda-Correa EM, Fernandez-Gonzalez MC, Alexandre-Franco MF, Macias-Garcia A (2005) Preparation of activated carbons from chestnut wood by phosphoric acid-chemical activation: study of microporosity and fractal dimension. Mater Lett 59:846–853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Ahmadpour A, Do DD (1997) The preparation of activated carbon from macadamia nut shell by chemical activation. Carbon 35:1723–1732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Rodriguez-Reinoso F, Molina-Saio M (1992) Activated carbons from lignocellulosic materials by chemical and/or physical activation: an overview. Carbon 30:1111–1118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ganan-Gomez J, Macias-Garcia A, Diaz-Diez MA, Gonzalez-Garcia C, Sabio-Rey E (2006) Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from impregnation pitch by ZnCl2. Appl Surf Sci 252:5976–5979

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Molina-Sabio M, Rodriguez-Reinoso F (2004) Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 241:15–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Tsai WT, Chang CY, Lin MC, Chien SF, Sun HF, Hsieh MF (2001) Adsorption of acid dye onto activated carbons prepared from agricultural waste bagasse by ZnCl2 activation. Chemosphere 45:51–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Harikishan S, Sung S (2003) Cattle waste treatment and Class A biosolid production using temperature-phased anaerobic digester. Adv Environ Res 7:701–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Qian Q, Machida M, Tatsumoto H (2007) Preparation of activated carbons from cattle-manure compost by zinc chloride activation. Biores Technol 98:353–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Qian Q, Machida M, Tatsumoto H (2007) Characteristics and methylene blue adsorption performance of activated carbon prepared from cattle-manure compost by ZnCl2 activation. Tanso 226:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Carrott PJM, Roberts RA, Sing KSW (1987) Standard nitrogen adsorption data for nonporous carbons. Carbon 25:769–770

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Khalili NR, Campbell M, Sandi G, Golas J (2000) Production of micro-and mesoporous activated carbon from mill sludge I. Effect of zinc chloride activation. Carbon 38:1905–1915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Horvath G, Kawazoe K (1983) Method for the calculation of effective pore size distribution in molecular sieve carbon. J Chem Eng Jpn 16:470–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rychlicki G, Terzyk AP, Lukaszewicz JP (1995) Determination of carbon porosity from low-temperature nitrogen adsorption data. A comparison of the most frequently used methods. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 96:105–111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Russell BP, Levan MD (1994) Pore size distribution of BPL activated carbon determined by different methods. Carbon 32:845–855

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Gonzalez-Serano E, Cordero T, Rodriguez-Mirasol J, Rodriguez JJ (1997) Development of porosity upon chemical activation of Kraft lignin with ZnCl2. Ind Eng Chem Res 36:4832–4838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Warhurst AM, Fowler GD, McConnachie GL, Pollard SJT (1997) Pore structure and adsorption characteristics of steam pyrolysis carbons from Moringa oleifera. Carbon 35:1039–1045

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ahmadpour A, Do DD (1996) The preparation of active carbons from coal by chemical and physical activation. Carbon 34:471–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Rodríguez-Reinoso F, Garrido J, Martín-Martínez JM, Molina-Sabio M, Torregrosa R (1989) The combined use of different approaches in the characterization of microporous carbons. Carbon 27:23–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Molina-Sabio M, Rodríguez-Reinoso F (2004) Role of chemical activation in the development of carbon porosity. Colloids Surf A: Physicochem Eng Aspects 241:15–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Caturla F, Molina-Sabio M, Rodríguez-Reinoso F (1991) Preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation with ZnCl2. Carbon 29:999–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Hamamoto Y, Alam KCA, Saha, BB, Koyama S, Akisawa A, Kashiwagi T (2006) Study on adsorption refrigeration cycle utilizing activated carbon fibers. Part 1: Adsorption characteristics. Int J Refrig 29:305–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kowalczyk P, Terzyk AP, Gauden PA, Solarz L (2002) Numerical analysis of Horvath-Kawazoe equation. Comput Chem 26:125–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Chiba University, Yayoi-cho 1-33, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan

    Qingrong Qian, Motoi Machida & Hideki Tatsumoto

  2. Faculty of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

    Motoi Machida & Hideki Tatsumoto

  3. Kisarazu National College of Technology, Kisarazu, Japan

    Masami Aikawa

Authors
  1. Qingrong Qian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Motoi Machida
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Masami Aikawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hideki Tatsumoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Qingrong Qian.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Qian, Q., Machida, M., Aikawa, M. et al. Effect of ZnCl2 impregnation ratio on pore structure of activated carbons prepared from cattle manure compost: application of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 10, 53–61 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-007-0185-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-007-0185-x

Key words

Search

Navigation