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Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: an update

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy

Abstract

In 1998, the first plasmid-mediated gene involved in quinolone resistance (currently named qnrA1) was reported. Extra qnr-like plasmid-mediated genes (qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD) and their chromosomal homologues have also been characterized. These genes code for a pentapeptide repeat protein that protects type II topoisomerases from quinolones. Since then, there have been reports of two other plasmid-mediated resistance mechanisms: the modification of quinolones with a piperazinyl substituent by the acetyltransferase, Aac(6′)-Ib-cr; and active efflux by QepA and OqxAB, pumps related to major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters. These genes have a wide geographic distribution (mainly in Enterobacteriaceae). Because of the difficulties of phenotypic detection of this type of resistance, its real prevalence is only partially known. One important point is that although these mechanisms cause only low-level resistance, they favor and complement the selection of other resistance mechanisms.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (project PI060580), and the Consejería de Innovación Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía (P07-CTS-02908), Spain. Partially supported by Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Instituto de Salud Carlos III––FEDER, Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD06/0008).

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  1. Department of Microbiology, University of Seville, Avda. Sánchez Pizjuán s/n, 41009, Seville, Spain

    José Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez, Carmen Velasco & Álvaro Pascual

  2. Service of Microbiology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Avda. de Valdecilla s/n, 39008, Santander, Spain

    María Eliecer Cano & Luis Martínez-Martínez

  3. Department of Molecular Biology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain

    Luis Martínez-Martínez

  4. Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, 41009, Seville, Spain

    Álvaro Pascual

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  1. José Manuel Rodríguez-Martínez
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  2. María Eliecer Cano
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  3. Carmen Velasco
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  4. Luis Martínez-Martínez
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  5. Álvaro Pascual
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Correspondence to Álvaro Pascual.

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Rodríguez-Martínez, J.M., Cano, M.E., Velasco, C. et al. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: an update. J Infect Chemother 17, 149–182 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-010-0120-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10156-010-0120-2

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