Normal appendiceal diameter in children: does choice of CT oral contrast (VoLumen versus Gastrografin) make a difference?

Abstract

Appendicitis is a common pediatric emergency and one of the most common causes for surgical exploration in the pediatric patient. Imaging has become an essential tool in the evaluation of the child with suspected appendicitis, aiming to avoid misdiagnosis and to facilitate early surgery, thus decreasing potential morbidity from ruptured appendicitis. The objective of this paper is to compare the luminal diameter of the normal appendix by computed tomography (CT) when utilizing the traditionally used high-attenuation oral contrast material (OCM), Gastrografin, and the relatively new neutral agent VoLumen, with the goal of establishing normal appendiceal size parameters for this neutral OCM. Twenty-six cases of VoLumen-enhanced CT studies of the abdomen and pelvis were identified, of which 13 met the inclusion criteria. These were randomly matched to age control Gastrografin CT examinations. Appendiceal diameters (from wall to wall) were measured in three orthogonal planes and the average of these was recorded. We show that there is no statistical difference between normal appendiceal diameters in patients with a VoLumen-opacified CT versus a Gastrografin-enhanced CT (p = 0.8) being 5.0 ± 1.3 and 5.1 ± 1.5 mm, respectively. Chart review revealed no clinical suspicion of appendicitis prior to imaging or on discharge diagnosis in the patients included in this study. The rate of nonvisualization of the appendix with VoLumen in our study was 31%, which equals previously published estimates in children. In summary, as VoLumen use increases in the evaluation of abdominal pathology in the ailing child, we provide guidelines to identify the normal appendix when utilizing this oral contrast agent.