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Expression and Characterization of a Bright Far-red Fluorescent Protein from the Pink-Pigmented Tissues of Porites lobata

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Abstract

Members of the anthozoan green fluorescent protein (GFP) family display a diversity of photo-physical properties that can be associated with normal and damaged coral tissues. Poritid coral species often exhibit localized pink pigmentation in diseased or damaged tissues. Our spectral and histological analyses of pink-pigmented Porites lobata lesions show co-localization of bright red fluorescence with putative amoebocytes concentrating in the epidermis, suggesting an activated innate immune response. Here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel red fluorescent protein (plobRFP) from the pink-pigmented tissues associated with lesions on Porites lobata. In vitro, the recombinant plobRFP exhibits a distinct red emission signal of 614 nm (excitation maximum: 578 nm), making plobRFP the furthest red-shifted natural fluorescent protein isolated from a scleractinian coral. The recombinant protein has a high molar extinction coefficient (84,000 M−1 cm−1) and quantum yield (0.74), conferring a notable brightness to plobRFP. Sequence analysis suggests the distinct brightness and marked red shift may be inherent features of plobRFP’s chromophore conformation. While plobRFP displays a tendency to aggregate, its high pH stability, photostability, and spectral properties make it a candidate for cell imaging applications and a potential template for engineering optimized RFPs. The association of plobRFP with a possible immune response furthers its potential use as a visual diagnostic and molecular biomarker for monitoring coral health.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the technical support of James H. Nicholson for his assistance with microscopy and image processing; Carl Miller for the maintenance of coral specimens in the NOAA NOS NCCOS coral culture facility; and Athena Burnett and Dorothy Howard for coral tissue processing and histology. We would also like to thank Chroma Technology Corp (Bellow Falls, VT) for the donation of custom excitation and emission filters.

Funding

NOAA’s Coral Reef Conservation Program Project # 1133.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Marine Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA

    Mary C. Bridges

  2. National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science Charleston Laboratory, NOS, NOAA, Charleston, SC, USA

    Mary C. Bridges, Cheryl M. Woodley & Sylvia B. Galloway

  3. Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA

    Mary C. Bridges

  4. Department of Environmental Science & Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    Esther C. Peters

  5. Consolidated Safety Services, Inc., NCCOS Charleston Laboratory, NOS, NOAA, Charleston, SC, USA

    Lisa A. May

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  1. Mary C. Bridges
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Contributions

C.M.W. and S.B.G. conceived the study. C.M.W., S.B.G., and L.A.M. were in charge of overall direction and planning. M.C.B. planned and carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. E.C.P. conducted and interpreted the histology. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Cheryl M. Woodley.

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Bridges, M.C., Woodley, C.M., Peters, E.C. et al. Expression and Characterization of a Bright Far-red Fluorescent Protein from the Pink-Pigmented Tissues of Porites lobata. Mar Biotechnol 22, 67–80 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-019-09931-9

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